{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T01:03:31Z","timestamp":1785805411002,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]],"date-time":"2024-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717977600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]],"date-time":"2024-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of South Carolina Beaufort"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurosurg Rev"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This international survey investigated Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) in spine surgery by measuring its acceptance among spine surgeons. It assessed their understanding of EBM and how they apply it in practice by analyzing responses to various clinical scenarios..<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Following the CHERRIES guidelines, an e-survey was distributed to multiple social media forums for neurosurgeons and orthopedic surgeons on Facebook, LinkedIn, and Telegram and circulated further through email via the authors\u2019 network. Three hundred participants from Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, and Oceania completed the survey.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Our study revealed that 67.7% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009203) of respondents used EBM in their practice, and 97.3% (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009292) believed training in research methodology and EBM was necessary for the practice of spine surgery. Despite this endorsement of using EBM in spine surgery, we observed varied responses to how EBM is applied in practice based on example scenarios. The responders who had additional training tended to obey EBM guidelines more than those who had no additional training. Most surgeons responded as always or sometimes prescribing methylprednisolone to patients with acute spinal cord injury. Other significant differences were identified between geographical regions, training, practice settings, and other factors.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Most respondents used EBM in practice and believed training in research methodology and EBM is necessary for spine surgery; however, there were significant variations on how to use them per case. Thus, the appropriate application of EBM in clinical settings for spinal surgery must be further studied.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-024-02502-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]],"date-time":"2024-06-10T07:02:12Z","timestamp":1718002932000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Do we really apply evidence-based-recommendations to spine surgery? Results of an international survey"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6719-5522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ismail","family":"Bozkurt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1632-7705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew W.","family":"Holt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-8230-0603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric C.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bipin","family":"Chaurasia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehmet","family":"Zileli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"2502_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.4097\/kjae.2016.69.5.435","volume":"69","author":"H Kang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kang H (2016) How to understand and conduct evidence-based medicine. Korean J Anesthesiol 69:435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4097\/kjae.2016.69.5.435","journal-title":"Korean J Anesthesiol"},{"key":"2502_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjebm-2020-111391","volume":"26","author":"L Menard","year":"2021","unstructured":"Menard L, Blevins AE, Trujillo DJ, Lazarus KH (2021) Integrating evidence-based medicine skills into a medical school curriculum: a quantitative outcomes assessment. BMJ EBM 26:249\u2013250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjebm-2020-111391","journal-title":"BMJ EBM"},{"key":"2502_CR3","unstructured":"Sackett D, Richardson W, Rosenberg W, Haynes bhaynes@mcmaster (2005). ca Evidence-Based Medicine. How to Practice and Teach EBM. Evidence-Based Medicine. Churchill Livingston 2"},{"key":"2502_CR4","first-page":"61","volume":"23","author":"S Hurwitz","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hurwitz S (2003) Evidence-based medicine in orthopaedic surgery\u2013a way to the future. Iowa Orthop J 23:61\u201365","journal-title":"Iowa Orthop J"},{"key":"2502_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15S","DOI":"10.1177\/1062860609348743","volume":"24","author":"RT Allen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Allen RT, Rihn JA, Glassman SD, Currier B, Albert TJ, Phillips FM (2009) An evidence-based Approach to spine surgery. Am J Med Qual 24:15S\u201324S. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1062860609348743","journal-title":"Am J Med Qual"},{"issue":"3","key":"2502_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e34","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.6.3.e34","volume":"6","author":"G Eysenbach","year":"2004","unstructured":"Eysenbach G (2004) Improving the quality of web surveys: the Checklist for reporting results of internet E-Surveys (CHERRIES). J Med Internet Res 6(3):e34. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/jmir.6.3.e34","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"2502_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690680","DOI":"10.3389\/fsurg.2021.690680","volume":"8","author":"R De Koning","year":"2021","unstructured":"De Koning R, Egiz A, Kotecha J, Ciuculete AC, Ooi SZY, Bankole NDA, Erhabor J, Higginbotham G, Khan M, Dalle DU, Sichimba D, Bandyopadhyay S, Kanmounye US (2021) Survey fatigue during the COVID-19 pandemic: an analysis of Neurosurgery Survey Response Rates. Front Surg 8:690680. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fsurg.2021.690680","journal-title":"Front Surg"},{"key":"2502_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-020-1933-z","volume":"20","author":"R-D Capra\u015f","year":"2020","unstructured":"Capra\u015f R-D, Bulboac\u0103 AE, Bolboac\u0103 SD (2020) Evidence-based medicine self-assessment, knowledge, and integration into daily practice: a survey among Romanian physicians and comparison between trainees and specialists. BMC Med Educ 20:19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-020-1933-z","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"2502_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1080\/00016470410001277","volume":"75","author":"B Hanson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hanson B, Bhandari M, Audige L, Helfet D (2004) The need for education in evidence-based orthopedicsAn international survey of AO course participants. Acta Orthop Scand 75:328\u2013332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00016470410001277","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand"},{"key":"2502_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2010.10.023","volume":"11","author":"CM Bono","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bono CM, Ghiselli G, Gilbert TJ, Kreiner DS, Reitman C, Summers JT, Baisden JL, Easa J, Fernand R, Lamer T (2011) An evidence-based clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of cervical radiculopathy from degenerative disorders. Spine J 11:64\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spinee.2010.10.023","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"2502_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S19","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyab317","volume":"89","author":"J Dimar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dimar J, Bisson EF, Dhall S, Harrop JS, Hoh DJ, Mohamed B, Wang MC, Mummaneni PV (2021) Congress of Neurological Surgeons Systematic Review and evidence-based guidelines for Perioperative Spine: preoperative osteoporosis Assessment. Neurosurg 89:S19\u2013S25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuros\/nyab317","journal-title":"Neurosurg"},{"key":"2502_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.04.006","volume":"20","author":"DS Kreiner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kreiner DS, Matz P, Bono CM, Cho CH, Easa JE, Ghiselli G, Ghogawala Z, Reitman CA, Resnick DK, Watters WC, Annaswamy TM, Baisden J, Bartynski WS, Bess S, Brewer RP, Cassidy RC, Cheng DS, Christie SD, Chutkan NB, Cohen BA, Dagenais S, Enix DE, Dougherty P, Golish SR, Gulur P, Hwang SW, Kilincer C, King JA, Lipson AC, Lisi AJ, Meagher RJ, O\u2019Toole JE, Park P, Pekmezci M, Perry DR, Prasad R, Provenzano DA, Radcliff KE, Rahmathulla G, Reinsel TE, Rich RL, Robbins DS, Rosolowski KA, Sembrano JN, Sharma AK, Stout AA, Taleghani CK, Tauzell RA, Trammell T, Vorobeychik Y, Yahiro AM (2020) Guideline summary review: an evidence-based clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of low back pain. Spine J 20:998\u20131024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spinee.2020.04.006","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"2502_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xnsj.2020.100019","volume":"3","author":"TA Mattei","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mattei TA (2020) Evidence-based medicine and clinical decision-making in spine surgery. North Am Spine Soc J (NASSJ) 3:100019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xnsj.2020.100019","journal-title":"North Am Spine Soc J (NASSJ)"},{"key":"2502_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyy394","volume":"84","author":"JE O\u2019Toole","year":"2019","unstructured":"O\u2019Toole JE, Kaiser MG, Anderson PA, Arnold PM, Chi JH, Dailey AT, Dhall SS, Eichholz KM, Harrop JS, Hoh DJ, Qureshi S, Rabb CH, Raksin PB (2019) Congress of Neurological Surgeons Systematic Review and evidence-based guidelines on the evaluation and treatment of patients with Thoracolumbar Spine Trauma: executive Summary. NEUROSURGERY 84:2\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuros\/nyy394","journal-title":"NEUROSURGERY"},{"key":"2502_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maggio D, Ailon TT, Smith JS, Shaffrey CI, Lafage V, Schwab F, Haid RW, Protopsaltis T, Klineberg E, Scheer JK, Bess S, Arnold PM, Chapman J, Fehlings MG, Ames C, AOSpine North America, International Spine Study Group (2015) Assessment of impact of standing long-cassette radiographs on surgical planning for lumbar pathology: an international survey of spine surgeons. SPI 23:581\u2013588. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2015.1.SPINE14833","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.1.SPINE14833"},{"key":"2502_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1739223","volume":"83","author":"J P\u00e9rez-Bovet","year":"2022","unstructured":"P\u00e9rez-Bovet J, Bux\u00f3 M, Rimbau Mu\u00f1oz J (2022) Clinical practice in spine surgery: an International Survey. J Neurol Surg Cent Eur Neurosurg 83:451\u2013460. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0041-1739223","journal-title":"J Neurol Surg Cent Eur Neurosurg"},{"key":"2502_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1177\/21925682211068414","volume":"13","author":"D Tkatschenko","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tkatschenko D, Hansen S, Koch J, Ames C, Fehlings MG, Berven S, Sekhon L, Shaffrey C, Smith JS, Hart R, Kim HJ, Wang J, Ha Y, Kwan K, Hai Y, Valacco M, Falavigna A, Taboada N, Guiroy A, Emmerich J, Meyer B, Kandziora F, Thom\u00e9 C, Loibl M, Peul W, Gasbarrini A, Obeid I, Gehrchen M, Trampuz A, Vajkoczy P, Onken J (2023) Prevention of Surgical Site infections in spine surgery: an International Survey of Clinical practices among Expert Spine surgeons. Global Spine J 13:2007\u20132015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/21925682211068414","journal-title":"Global Spine J"},{"key":"2502_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8229.98307","volume":"19","author":"M Ferwana","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ferwana M, Al Alwan I, Moamary M, Magzoub M, Tamim H (2012) Integration of evidence based medicine into the clinical years of a medical curriculum. J Fam Community Med 19:136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/2230-8229.98307","journal-title":"J Fam Community Med"},{"key":"2502_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2015.04.071","volume":"18","author":"A-WN Meshikhes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Meshikhes A-WN (2015) Evidence-based surgery: the obstacles and solutions. Int J Surg 18:159\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijsu.2015.04.071","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"2502_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.5312\/wjo.v5.i2.89","volume":"5","author":"ME Oppenlander","year":"2014","unstructured":"Oppenlander ME (2014) Research in spinal surgery: evaluation and practice of evidence-based medicine. WJO 5:89. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5312\/wjo.v5.i2.89","journal-title":"WJO"},{"key":"2502_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tamim HM, Ferwana M, Al Banyan E, Al Alwan I, Hajeer A (2009) Integration of Evidence Based Medicine into a Medical Curriculum. MEO 14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3885\/meo.2009.F0000225","DOI":"10.3885\/meo.2009.F0000225"},{"key":"2502_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-016-0616-2","volume":"16","author":"L Hecht","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hecht L, Buhse S, Meyer G (2016) Effectiveness of training in evidence-based medicine skills for healthcare professionals: a systematic review. BMC Med Educ 16:103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-016-0616-2","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"2502_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e307","DOI":"10.7861\/fhj.2020-0164","volume":"8","author":"F D\u2019souza","year":"2021","unstructured":"D\u2019souza F, Shah S, Oki O, Scrivens L, Guckian J (2021) Social media: medical education\u2019s double-edged sword. Future Healthc J 8:e307\u2013e310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7861\/fhj.2020-0164","journal-title":"Future Healthc J"},{"key":"2502_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1322552","volume":"25","author":"MR Kwaan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kwaan MR, Melton GB (2012) Evidence-based medicine in surgical education. Clin Colon Rectal Surg 25:151\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0032-1322552","journal-title":"Clin Colon Rectal Surg"},{"key":"2502_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyy414","volume":"85","author":"CD Shank","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shank CD, Lepard JR, Walters BC, Hadley MN (2019) Towards evidence-based guidelines in neurological surgery. Neurosurg 85:613\u2013621. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuros\/nyy414","journal-title":"Neurosurg"},{"key":"2502_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmp.2022.09.016","volume":"103","author":"F Hasford","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hasford F, Mumuni AN, Trauernicht C, Ige TA, Inkoom S, Okeji M, Nathaniel E-EU, Toutaoui NK, Geraldo M, Amadou K, Uwizeyimana C, Samba ON, Attalla EM, Kebede E, Edou-Mbo G, Okoko EO, Alghazirr ZO, Pokoo-Aikins M, Sosu EK, Boadu M, Msosa OM, Maiga S, Mootoosamy S, Hamidi LE, Eddaoui K, Malema \u00c9, Uushona V, Soli IA, Diagne M, Gning F, Kalolo TL, Katumba MF, Kanduza MM, Diteko K, D\u2019Amour KJ, Stoeva M (2022) A review of MRI studies in Africa with special focus on quantitative MRI: historical development, current status and the role of medical physicists. Physica Med 103:46\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejmp.2022.09.016","journal-title":"Physica Med"},{"key":"2502_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37698","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.37698","volume":"15","author":"BS Hilabi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hilabi BS, Alghamdi SA, Almanaa M (2023) Impact of Magnetic Resonance Imaging on Healthcare in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Cureus 15:e37698. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.37698","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"2502_CR28","first-page":"690","volume":"18","author":"RCW Hutubessy","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hutubessy RCW, Hanvoravongchai P, Edejer TT-T, Asian MRI, Study Group (2002) Diffusion and utilization of magnetic resonance imaging in Asia. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 18:690\u2013704","journal-title":"Int J Technol Assess Health Care"},{"key":"2502_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1177\/2192568219864341","volume":"10","author":"L Marie-Hardy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marie-Hardy L, Pascal-Moussellard H, Barnaba A, Bonaccorsi R, Scemama C (2020) Screw loosening in posterior spine Fusion: prevalence and risk factors. Global Spine J 10:598\u2013602. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2192568219864341","journal-title":"Global Spine J"},{"key":"2502_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e31827765c6","volume":"72","author":"RJ Hurlbert","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hurlbert RJ, Hadley MN, Walters BC, Aarabi B, Dhall SS, Gelb DE, Rozzelle CJ, Ryken TC, Theodore N (2013) Pharmacological therapy for Acute spinal cord Injury. Neurosurgery 72:93\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/NEU.0b013e31827765c6","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"2502_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4612","DOI":"10.18535\/ijmsci\/v6i10.02","volume":"6","author":"A Alhelo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alhelo A, Samara B (2019) Awareness and the use of evidence-based medicine resources among physicians. Ijmsci 6:4612\u20134614. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18535\/Ijmsci\/v6i10.02","journal-title":"Ijmsci"},{"key":"2502_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3758","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16193758","volume":"16","author":"J Hong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hong J, Chen J (2019) Clinical Physicians\u2019 attitudes towards evidence-based Medicine (EBM) and their evidence-based practice (EBP) in Wuhan, China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 16:3758. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph16193758","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2502_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-13-429","volume":"13","author":"D Mascia","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mascia D, Cicchetti A, Damiani G (2013) Us and them: a social network analysis of physicians\u2019 professional networks and their attitudes towards EBM. BMC Health Serv Res 13:429. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6963-13-429","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2502_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-020-01162-5","volume":"21","author":"D Neja\u0161mi\u0107","year":"2020","unstructured":"Neja\u0161mi\u0107 D, Vrdoljak D, Brali\u0107 Lang V, Borovac JA, Maru\u0161i\u0107 A (2020) Awareness, attitudes, barriers, and knowledge about evidence-based medicine among family physicians in Croatia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Fam Pract 21:88. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12875-020-01162-5","journal-title":"BMC Fam Pract"},{"key":"2502_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02050300","volume":"36","author":"MJ Solomon","year":"1993","unstructured":"Solomon MJ, McLeod RS (1993) Clinical studies in surgical journals\u2014have we improved? Dis Colon Rectum 36:43\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02050300","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"2502_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.045","volume":"145","author":"NM De La Pe\u00f1a","year":"2021","unstructured":"De La Pe\u00f1a NM, Richter KR, Haglin JM, Pollock JR, Richter RA, Kouloumberis PE (2021) Differences by Practice Year in numbers of U.S. female neurosurgeons. World Neurosurg 145:363\u2013367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.10.045","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"key":"2502_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.04.009","volume":"22","author":"A Falavigna","year":"2022","unstructured":"Falavigna A, Ramos MB, De Farias FAC, Britz JPE, Dagostini CM, Orlandin BC, Corso LL, Morello SL, Kapatkin AS, Topalovic T, Allen M (2022) Perception of gender discrimination among spine surgeons across Latin America: a web-based survey. Spine J 22:49\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.04.009","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"2502_CR38","unstructured":"Green J, Chye V, Hiemstra L, Fell\u00e4nder-Tsai L, Incoll I, Weber K, Pohl M, Kollias C, Maasalu K, Iniguez M, Bytyqui D, Fok M, Liverneaux P, Hamdan E, Lupondo V, Hing C (2020) Diversity: women in orthopaedic surgery -a perspective from the International Orthopaedic Diversity Alliance. J Orthop Trauma 08"},{"key":"2502_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4628","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.4628","volume":"11","author":"T Odell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Odell T, Toor H, Takayanagi A, Zampella B, Siddiqi J, Jalal S, Golbaz K, Qamar S, Khosa F (2019) Gender disparity in academic neurosurgery. Cureus 11:e4628. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.4628","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"2502_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-021-03041-8","volume":"21","author":"S-Y Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen S-Y, Lo H-Y, Hung S-K (2021) What is the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on residency training: a systematic review and analysis. BMC Med Educ 21:618. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12909-021-03041-8","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"2502_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S40","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000004525","volume":"97","author":"M Walters","year":"2022","unstructured":"Walters M, Alonge T, Zeller M (2022) Impact of COVID-19 on Medical Education: perspectives from students. Acad Med 97:S40\u2013S48. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ACM.0000000000004525","journal-title":"Acad Med"}],"container-title":["Neurosurgical Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10143-024-02502-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10143-024-02502-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10143-024-02502-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T10:29:09Z","timestamp":1741084149000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10143-024-02502-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2502"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10143-024-02502-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1437-2320"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1437-2320","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 April 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 May 2024","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 June 2024","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 June 2024","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"No ethical approval was sought due to the anonymized nature of the data collection performed in this study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"264"}}