{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T06:09:20Z","timestamp":1772086160865,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745452800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurosurg Rev"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-025-03535-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T03:24:25Z","timestamp":1745465065000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Natural history, management, and outcomes of cerebellar cavernous malformations: A retrospective study of 130 patients"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Delal","family":"Bektas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucio","family":"De Maria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Graepel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Lanzino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kelly D.","family":"Flemming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"3535_CR1","first-page":"123","volume":"19","author":"MAAKS Hahn","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hahn MAAKS (1991) 667 Histologically verified cavernous haemangiomas of the CNS: review of localisation, symptoms and signs, diagnosis and results of operative treatments. Adv Neurosurg 19:123\u2013126","journal-title":"Adv Neurosurg"},{"key":"3535_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wostrack M, Shiban E, Harmening K, Obermueller T, Ringel F, Ryang YM et al (2012) Surgical treatment of symptomatic cerebral cavernous malformations in eloquent brain regions. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00701-012-1411-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-012-1411-4"},{"key":"3535_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"de Oliveira JG, Rassi-Neto A, Ferraz FAP, Braga FM (2006) Neurosurgical management of cerebellar cavernous malformations. Neurosurg Focus 21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/foc.2006.21.1.12","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.2006.21.1.12"},{"key":"3535_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang P, Liu L, Cao Y, Wang S, Zhao J (2013) Cerebellar cavernous malformations with and without associated developmental venous anomalies. BMC Neurol 13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2377-13-134","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-13-134"},{"key":"3535_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Knerlich-Lukoschus F, Steinbok P, Dunham C, Cochrane DD (2015) Cerebellar cavernous malformation in pediatric patients: defining clinical, neuroimaging, and therapeutic characteristics. J Neurosurg Pediatr 16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2015.1.PEDS14366","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.1.PEDS14366"},{"key":"3535_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hayashi T, Fukui M, Shyojima K, Utsunomiya H, Kawasaki K Giant cerebellar hemangioma in an infant. Child\u2019s Nerv Syst 1985;1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00270768","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00270768"},{"key":"3535_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yoshimoto Y, Wakai S, Ochiai C, Okuhata S, Nagai M (1997) Early fatal rebleeding from a cerebellar cavernous malformation - Case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 37. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2176\/nmc.37.343","DOI":"10.2176\/nmc.37.343"},{"key":"3535_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Brinjikji W, Flemming KD, Lanzino G De Novo formation of a large Cavernoma associated with a congenital torcular dural arteriovenous fistula: case report. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2017;19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2016.12.PEDS16600","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.12.PEDS16600"},{"key":"3535_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Scherschinski L, Eberle AT, Saggi S, Jensen KN, Morshed RA, Winkler EA et al A taxonomy for cerebellar cavernous malformations: subtypes of cerebellar lesions. J Neurosurg 2024:1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2024.4.jns24448","DOI":"10.3171\/2024.4.jns24448"},{"key":"3535_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Firsching R, Huber M, Frowein RA (1991) Cerebellar haemorrhage: management and prognosis. Neurosurg Rev 14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00310656","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00310656"},{"key":"3535_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01407448","volume":"79","author":"LM Auer","year":"1986","unstructured":"Auer LM, Auer T, Sayama I (1986) Indications for surgical treatment of cerebellar haemorrhage and infarction. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 79:74\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01407448","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"key":"3535_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Xie MG, Li D, Guo FZ, Zhang LW, Zhang JT, Wu Z et al Brainstem cavernous malformations: surgical indications based on natural history and surgical outcomes. World Neurosurg 2018;110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.10.121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2017.10.121"},{"key":"3535_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Walcott BP, Choudhri O, Lawton MT (2016) Brainstem cavernous malformations: natural history versus surgical management. J Clin Neurosci 32. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocn.2016.03.021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2016.03.021"},{"key":"3535_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Stapleton CJ, Barker FG Cranial cavernous malformations natural history and treatment. Stroke 2018;49. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.017074","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.017074"},{"key":"3535_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1994.80.3.0422","volume":"80","author":"JM Zabramski","year":"1994","unstructured":"Zabramski JM, Wascher TM, Spetzler RF, Johnson B, Golfinos J, Drayer BP et al (1994) The natural history of Familial cavernous malformations: results of an ongoing study. J Neurosurg 80:422\u2013432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1994.80.3.0422","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"3535_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyx091","volume":"80","author":"A Akers","year":"2017","unstructured":"Akers A, Al-Shahi Salman R, Awad IA, Dahlem K, Flemming K, Hart B et al (2017) Synopsis of guidelines for the clinical management of cerebral cavernous malformations: consensus recommendations based on systematic literature review by the Angioma alliance scientific advisory board clinical experts panel. Clin Neurosurg 80:665\u2013680. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/neuros\/nyx091","journal-title":"Clin Neurosurg"},{"key":"3535_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horne MA, Flemming KD, Stapf I-CS, Brown C, Christianson RD TJ, Cerebral cavernous malformation location and mode of presentation predict the risk of hemorrhage during their untreated clinical course: individual patient data meta-analysis. Stroke 2015;46.","DOI":"10.1161\/str.46.suppl_1.193"},{"key":"3535_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taslimi S, Modabbernia A, Amin-Hanjani S, Barker FG, Macdonald RL (2016) Natural history of cavernous malformation: systematic review and meta-analysis of 25 studies. Neurology;86","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002701"},{"key":"3535_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gross BA, Du R (2017) Hemorrhage from cerebral cavernous malformations: A systematic pooled analysis. J Neurosurg 126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2016.3.JNS152419","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.3.JNS152419"},{"key":"3535_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Horne MA, Flemming KD, Su IC, Stapf C, Jeon JP, Li D et al Clinical course of untreated cerebral cavernous malformations: A meta-analysis of individual patient data. Lancet Neurol 2016;15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00303-8","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00303-8"},{"key":"3535_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Scerrati A, Mantovani G, Travaglini F, Bradaschia L, De Bonis P, Farneti M et al (2023) Bleeding risk evaluation in cerebral cavernous malformation, the role of medications, and hemorrhagic factors: a case-control study. Neurosurg Focus 55. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2023.7.FOCUS23355","DOI":"10.3171\/2023.7.FOCUS23355"},{"key":"3535_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Flemming KD (2017) Clinical management of cavernous malformations. Curr Cardiol Rep 19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11886-017-0931-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-017-0931-1"},{"key":"3535_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moore SA, Brown RD, Christianson TJH, Flemming KD (2014) Long-term natural history of incidentally discovered cavernous malformations in a single-center cohort: clinical Article. J Neurosurg 120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2014.1.JNS131619","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.1.JNS131619"},{"key":"3535_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen B, Saban D, Rauscher S, Herten A, Rauschenbach L, Santos A et al Modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in patients with sporadic cerebral cavernous malformations: obesity matters. Stroke 2021;52. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.031569","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.031569"},{"key":"3535_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kashefiolasl S, Bruder M, Brawanski N, Herrmann E, Seifert V, Tritt S et al A benchmark approach to hemorrhage risk management of cavernous malformations. Neurology 2018;90. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005066","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000005066"},{"key":"3535_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gross BA, Du R (2015) Cerebral cavernous malformations: natural history and clinical management. Expert Rev Neurother 15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1586\/14737175.2015.1055323","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.2015.1055323"},{"key":"3535_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vercelli GG, Cofano F, Santonio FV, Vincitorio F, Zenga F, Garbossa D (2020) Natural history, clinical, and surgical management of cavernous malformations. 2152. Methods in Molecular Biologyhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-0716-0640-7_3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-0640-7_3"},{"key":"3535_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.7.JNS13462","volume":"119","author":"D Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li D, Yang Y, Hao SY, Wang L, Tang J, Xiao XR et al (2013) Hemorrhage risk, surgical management, and functional outcome of brainstem cavernous malformations. J Neurosurg 119:996\u20131008. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2013.7.JNS13462","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"3535_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.3171\/2024.2.JNS232750","volume":"141","author":"KD Flemming","year":"2024","unstructured":"Flemming KD, Brown RD, Lanzino G (2024) Contemporary cohort of cerebral cavernous malformations: natural history and utility of follow-up MRI. J Neurosurg 141:1159\u20131167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2024.2.JNS232750","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"3535_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Flemming KD, Kumar S, Lanzino G, Brinjikji W Baseline and evolutionary radiologic features in sporadic, hemorrhagic brain cavernous malformations. Am J Neuroradiol 2019;40. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3174\/ajnr.A6076","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A6076"},{"key":"3535_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/ons.0000000000001426","author":"A Fr\u00fch","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fr\u00fch A, Mertens R, Nissimov N, Fekonja L, Truckenmueller P, Hallek L et al (2024) An algorithm for the microsurgical resection of cerebellar Cavernomas. Operative Neurosurg. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/ons.0000000000001426","journal-title":"Operative Neurosurg"},{"key":"3535_CR32","unstructured":"Pollock BE (2008) Radiosurgery for cavernous malformations: theory and practice. Clin Neurosurg;55"},{"key":"3535_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huang YC, Tseng CK, Chang CN, Wei KC, Liao CC, Hsu PW (2006) LINAC radiosurgery for intracranial cavernous malformation: 10-year experience. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clineuro.2006.04.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2006.04.001"},{"key":"3535_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nimjee SM, Powers CJ, Bulsara KR (2006) Review of the literature on de Novo formation of cavernous malformations of the central nervous system after radiation therapy. Neurosurg Focus 21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/foc.2006.21.1.5","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.2006.21.1.5"},{"key":"3535_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gastelum E, Sear K, Hills N, Roddy E, Randazzo D, Chettout N et al (2015) Rates and characteristics of radiographically detected intracerebral cavernous malformations after cranial radiation therapy in pediatric cancer patients. J Child Neurol 30. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0883073814544364","DOI":"10.1177\/0883073814544364"},{"key":"3535_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang H, Wang Y, Wang R, Li Y, Wang P, Li J et al (2019) Hypertrophic olivary degeneration: A comprehensive review focusing on etiology. Brain Res 1718. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainres.2019.04.024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2019.04.024"},{"key":"3535_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vattoth S, Ahmed FY, Telford RC, Roberson GH Hypertrophic olivary degeneration: review of anatomy, pathology, and imaging. Neurographics 2014;4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3174\/ng.3140085","DOI":"10.3174\/ng.3140085"},{"key":"3535_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Van Eetvelde R, Lemmerling M, Backaert T, Favoreel N, Geerts B, Sommeling C et al (2016) Imaging features of hypertrophic olivary degeneration. J Belg Soc Radiol 100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5334\/jbr-btr.1065","DOI":"10.5334\/jbr-btr.1065"},{"key":"3535_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Argyropoulos GPD, van Dun K, Adamaszek M, Leggio M, Manto M, Masciullo M et al The cerebellar cognitive affective\/schmahmann syndrome: a task force paper. Cerebellum 2020;19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12311-019-01068-8","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-019-01068-8"},{"key":"3535_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schmahmann JD (2019) The cerebellum and cognition. Neurosci Lett 688. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neulet.2018.07.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2018.07.005"},{"key":"3535_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mannarelli D, Pauletti C, Missori P, Trompetto C, Cotellessa F, Fattapposta F et al (2023) Cerebellum\u2019s contribution to attention, executive functions and timing: Psychophysiological evidence from Event-Related potentials. Brain Sci 13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci13121683","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13121683"},{"key":"3535_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schmahmann JD, Caplan D Cognition, emotion and the cerebellum. Brain 2006;129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awh729","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh729"}],"container-title":["Neurosurgical Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10143-025-03535-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10143-025-03535-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10143-025-03535-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T04:20:53Z","timestamp":1772079653000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10143-025-03535-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3535"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10143-025-03535-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1437-2320"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1437-2320","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 March 2025","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 April 2025","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 April 2025","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All patients provided informed consent, and IRB approved the study (IRB number: 18-007392). Clinical Trial Number: Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Kelly D. Flemming has consulted for Ovid therapeutics, Blueprint Orphan, and Recursion pharmaceutical. Giuseppe Lanzino has consulted for Nested Knowledge and Superior Medical Editors.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"381"}}