{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T03:31:13Z","timestamp":1765164673863,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765152000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006942","name":"Medical University of South Carolina","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006942","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurosurg Rev"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    President Abraham Abraham Lincoln\u2019s assassination in April 1865 remains one of the most scrutinized cases in forensic history. We re-examined his fatal head wound through the lens of modern neurosurgery, focusing on projectile trajectory, biomechanics, skull base anatomy, fluid percussion, and periorbital injury, and including the use of artificial intelligence search.\u00a0A systematic review was conducted using PubMed (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200919) and Scopus (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200912), along with 5 additional sources available on the Internet. Following PRISMA guidelines, 3 original studies were included. Historical autopsy documents were analyzed alongside contemporary literature. Generative AI models (Gemini, Claude, Perplexity, ChatGPT) were used to assist in triangulating ballistic and clinical interpretations.\u00a0Separate autopsy reports by Woodward, Curtis, and Stone confirm a left occipital entry wound, with the bullet traveling posterior-anterior through the left hemisphere and lodging above the corpus striatum. The absence of midline crossover is consistent across modern reconstructions. Bilateral orbital fractures and right-sided ecchymosis are best attributed to heightened pressure-wave dynamics, not to direct trauma or contrecoup effects.\u00a0Lincoln\u2019s injury represents a non-survivable low-velocity penetrating brain injury. The forensic and neurosurgical evidence supports a strictly left-sided trajectory, possible basal skull fractures, and pressure-driven orbital injury.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-025-03984-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T03:27:38Z","timestamp":1765164458000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A neurosurgical reappraisal of President Lincoln\u2019s fatal cranial injury"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Mustafa","family":"Ismail","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Saway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Bani Saad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zachary","family":"Hubbard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Weil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alejandro M.","family":"Spiotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"3984_CR1","unstructured":"National Library of Medicine The autopsy of President Abraham Lincoln. Visible Proofs: Forensic Views of the Body. Bethesda (MD): U.S. National Library of Medicine; [cited 2025 Apr 25]. Available from: https:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/exhibition\/visibleproofs\/galleries\/cases\/lincoln.html. Accessed 5.21.2025"},{"key":"3984_CR2","unstructured":"National Museum of American History (US). N\u00e9laton\u2019s bullet probe [Internet]. Washington (DC): Smithsonian Institution; 2022 [cited 2025 May 23]. Available from: Accessed 27 May 2025 https:\/\/americanhistory.si.edu\/collections\/object\/nmah_109825."},{"key":"3984_CR3","unstructured":"Stone RK. Observation of President Abraham Lincoln\u2019s last hours alive and post-mortem [Internet]. Shapell Manuscript Foundation; [cited 2025 Apr 25]. Available from: Accessed 27 May 2025 https:\/\/www.shapell.org\/manuscript\/doctor-of-abraham-lincoln-obervation-of-presidents-last-hours-alive-and-postmortem\/."},{"key":"3984_CR4","unstructured":"Taylor D. Artifact history: N\u00e9laton probe [Internet]. LincolnConspirators.com; 2012 Jun 29 [cited 2025 Apr 25]. Available from: Accessed 27 May 2025 https:\/\/lincolnconspirators.com\/2012\/06\/29\/artifact-history-nelaton-probe\/"},{"key":"3984_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leale CA. Dr Charles A Leale\u2019s report on the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. J Abraham Lincoln Assoc [Internet]. 2013;34(1):40-53 [cited 2025 Apr 25]. Available from: reAccessed 27 May 2025 https:\/\/quod.lib.umich.edu\/j\/jala\/2629860.0034.105\/","DOI":"10.5406\/19457987.34.1.05"},{"issue":"2","key":"3984_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0000000000000915","volume":"45","author":"TN Pappas","year":"2024","unstructured":". Pappas TN, Swanson S, Baden MM. Forensic Analysis of the Abraham Lincoln Assassination: An On-Site Study of the Presidential Box at Ford's Theatre. The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology. 2024 Jun 1;45(2):157-61. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/PAF.0000000000000915","journal-title":"The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology"},{"key":"3984_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","author":"M Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, Shamseer L, Tetzlaff JM, Akl EA, Brennan SE, Chou R. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. bmj. 2021 Mar 29;372 https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.n71","journal-title":"bmj"},{"issue":"1","key":"3984_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.5406\/19457987.38.1.08","volume":"38","author":"GR Schroeder-Lein","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schroeder-Lein GR. A Finger in Lincoln\u2019s Brain: What Modern Science Reveals about Lincoln, His Assassination, and Its Aftermath. Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association. 2017 Jan 1;38(1):87-91 http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/2027\/spo.2629860.0038.108","journal-title":"Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association"},{"issue":"2-3","key":"3984_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.06.023","volume":"146","author":"M Oehmichen Jr","year":"2004","unstructured":"Oehmichen M, Meissner C, K\u00f6nig HG, Gehl HB. Gunshot injuries to the head and brain caused by low-velocity handguns and rifles: a review. Forensic science international. 2004 Dec 16;146(2-3):111-20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.06.023","journal-title":"Forensic science international"},{"issue":"5","key":"3984_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-3019(00)00190-7","volume":"53","author":"WA Friedman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Friedman WA, Peace D. A Gunshot Wound to the Head-The Case of Abraham Lincoln. 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