{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T21:00:33Z","timestamp":1771621233380,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771545600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurosurg Rev"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-026-04161-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T08:36:46Z","timestamp":1771576606000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association between the endothelial activation and stress index and the risk of severe consciousness disorder and in-hospital mortality in ICU patients with non-traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage: A retrospective analysis based on the MIMIC database"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Hang","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zijun","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weichao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"4161_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930241307876","volume":"20","author":"AR Parry-Jones","year":"2025","unstructured":"Parry-Jones AR, Krishnamurthi R, Ziai WC, Shoamanesh A, Wu S, Martins SO et al (2025) World Stroke Organization (WSO): global intracerebral hemorrhage factsheet 2025. Int J Stroke 20(2):145\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17474930241307876","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"issue":"4","key":"4161_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1161\/01.str.32.4.891","volume":"32","author":"JC Hemphill 3rd","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hemphill JC 3rd, Bonovich DC, Besmertis L, Manley GT, Johnston SC (2001) The ICH score: a simple, reliable grading scale for intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 32(4):891\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/01.str.32.4.891","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"23","key":"4161_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3295","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2021.0199","volume":"38","author":"YG Bodien","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bodien YG, Barra A, Temkin NR, Barber J, Foreman B, Vassar M et al (2021) Diagnosing level of consciousness: the limits of the Glasgow Coma Scale total score. J Neurotrauma 38(23):3295\u2013305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2021.0199","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"4161_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2045-8118-11-18","volume":"11","author":"RF Keep","year":"2014","unstructured":"Keep RF, Zhou N, Xiang J, Andjelkovic AV, Hua Y, Xi G (2014) Vascular disruption and blood-brain barrier dysfunction in intracerebral hemorrhage. Fluids Barriers CNS 11:18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/2045-8118-11-18","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"issue":"5","key":"4161_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.2741\/3816","volume":"16","author":"S Chrissobolis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chrissobolis S, Miller AA, Drummond GR, Kemp-Harper BK, Sobey CG (2011) Oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in cerebrovascular disease. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 16(5):1733\u20131745. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2741\/3816","journal-title":"Front Biosci (Landmark Ed)"},{"issue":"1","key":"4161_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.18596","volume":"201","author":"E Galli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Galli E, Sor\u00e0 F, Hohaus S, Fresa A, Pansini I, Autore F et al (2023) Endothelial activation predicts disseminated intravascular coagulopathy, cytokine release syndrome and prognosis in patients treated with anti-CD19 CAR-T cells. Br J Haematol 201(1):86\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjh.18596","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"9","key":"4161_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.85870","volume":"20","author":"HB Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu HB, Ye Y, Xue F, Wu J, Suo Z, Zhang H (2023) Association between endothelial activation and stress index and 28-day mortality in septic ICU patients: a retrospective cohort study. Int J Med Sci 20(9):1165\u20131173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7150\/ijms.85870","journal-title":"Int J Med Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"4161_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1161\/strokeaha.120.032888","volume":"52","author":"AC Leasure","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leasure AC, Kuohn LR, Vanent KN, Bevers MB, Kimberly WT, Steiner T et al (2021) Association of serum IL-6 (Interleukin 6) with functional outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke 52(5):1733\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/strokeaha.120.032888","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"9","key":"4161_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e414","DOI":"10.1016\/s2352-3026(17)30108-4","volume":"4","author":"T Luft","year":"2017","unstructured":"Luft T, Benner A, Jodele S, Dandoy CE, Storb R, Gooley T et al (2017) EASIX in patients with acute graft-versus-host disease: a retrospective cohort analysis. Lancet Haematol 4(9):e414\u2013e23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2352-3026(17)30108-4","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4161_CR10","first-page":"271","volume":"101","author":"MB Kursa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kursa MB, Jankowski A, Rudnicki WR (2010) Boruta - a system for feature selection. Fundam Inf 101(4):271\u2013285","journal-title":"Fundam Inf"},{"issue":"2","key":"4161_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(09)70340-0","volume":"9","author":"CJ van Asch","year":"2010","unstructured":"van Asch CJ, Luitse MJ, Rinkel GJ, van der Tweel I, Algra A, Klijn CJ (2010) Incidence, case fatality, and functional outcome of intracerebral haemorrhage over time, according to age, sex, and ethnic origin: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol 9(2):167\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1474-4422(09)70340-0","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"11","key":"4161_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2004.055145","volume":"76","author":"R Fogelholm","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fogelholm R, Murros K, Rissanen A, Avikainen S (2005) Long term survival after primary intracerebral haemorrhage: a retrospective population based study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 76(11):1534\u20131538. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jnnp.2004.055145","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"4161_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2019.01.013","volume":"398","author":"J Pinho","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pinho J, Costa AS, Ara\u00fajo JM, Amorim JM, Ferreira C (2019) Intracerebral hemorrhage outcome: a comprehensive update. J Neurol Sci 398:54\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2019.01.013","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"4161_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2023.2754","volume":"80","author":"A Ramos-Pach\u00f3n","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ramos-Pach\u00f3n A, Rodr\u00edguez-Luna D, Mart\u00ed-F\u00e0bregas J, Mill\u00e1n M, Bustamante A, Mart\u00ednez-S\u00e1nchez M et al (2023) Effect of bypassing the closest stroke center in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage: a secondary analysis of the RACECAT randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol 80(10):1028\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaneurol.2023.2754","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4161_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1161\/circresaha.121.319949","volume":"130","author":"J Magid-Bernstein","year":"2022","unstructured":"Magid-Bernstein J, Girard R, Polster S, Srinath A, Romanos S, Awad IA et al (2022) Cerebral hemorrhage: pathophysiology, treatment, and future directions. Circ Res 130(8):1204\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/circresaha.121.319949","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"Pt B","key":"4161_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.09.033","volume":"134","author":"DA Wilkinson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wilkinson DA, Pandey AS, Thompson BG, Keep RF, Hua Y, Xi G (2018) Injury mechanisms in acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Neuropharmacology 134(Pt B):240\u2013248. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.09.033","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"4161_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19082208","author":"YC Koh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Koh YC, Yang G, Lai CS, Weerawatanakorn M, Pan MH (2018) Chemopreventive effects of phytochemicals and medicines on M1\/M2 polarized macrophage role in inflammation-related diseases. Int J Mol Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms19082208","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"4161_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx339","volume":"141","author":"G Scott","year":"2018","unstructured":"Scott G, Zetterberg H, Jolly A, Cole JH, De Simoni S, Jenkins PO et al (2018) Minocycline reduces chronic microglial activation after brain trauma but increases neurodegeneration. Brain 141(2):459\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awx339","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"4161_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2019.03.003","volume":"178","author":"H Zhu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhu H, Wang Z, Yu J, Yang X, He F, Liu Z et al (2019) Role and mechanisms of cytokines in the secondary brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage. Prog Neurobiol 178:101610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2019.03.003","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4161_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.11.041","volume":"27","author":"C Xu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Xu C, Ge H, Wang T, Qin J, Liu D, Liu Y (2018) Increased expression of T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 on CD14(+) monocytes is associated with systemic inflammatory reaction and brain injury in patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 27(5):1226\u20131236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.11.041","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"4161_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1359255","volume":"15","author":"DR Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang DR, Wang MY, Zhang CL, Wang Y (2024) Endothelial dysfunction in vascular complications of diabetes: a comprehensive review of mechanisms and implications. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 15:1359255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1359255","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"4161_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2017.05.005","volume":"100","author":"MA Incalza","year":"2018","unstructured":"Incalza MA, D\u2019Oria R, Natalicchio A, Perrini S, Laviola L, Giorgino F (2018) Oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species in endothelial dysfunction associated with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Vascul Pharmacol 100:1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vph.2017.05.005","journal-title":"Vascul Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1 Suppl 1","key":"4161_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S97","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2021-052888O","volume":"149","author":"RW Pierce","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pierce RW, Giuliano JS, Whitney JE, Ouellette Y (2022) Endothelial dysfunction criteria in critically ill children: the PODIUM consensus conference. Pediatrics 149(1 Suppl 1):S97-s102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2021-052888O","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"4161_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2019.08.013","volume":"153","author":"B Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen B, Chen Z, Liu M, Gao X, Cheng Y, Wei Y et al (2019) Inhibition of neuronal ferroptosis in the acute phase of intracerebral hemorrhage shows long-term cerebroprotective effects. Brain Res Bull 153:122\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2019.08.013","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"issue":"11","key":"4161_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-019-0247-z","volume":"9","author":"A Merz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Merz A, Germing U, Kobbe G, Kaivers J, Jauch A, Radujkovic A et al (2019) EASIX for prediction of survival in lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes. Blood Cancer J 9(11):85. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41408-019-0247-z","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"},{"issue":"1","key":"4161_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16078454.2025.2519974","volume":"30","author":"M Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li M, Chen H, Gao L, Li F, Zhang Q, Zhou X et al (2025) Endothelial activation and stress index (EASIX) as a predictive biomarker for survival in patients with T-cell lymphoma. Hematology 30(1):2519974. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/16078454.2025.2519974","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"issue":"7","key":"4161_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1038\/s41409-025-02612-3","volume":"60","author":"U Goel","year":"2025","unstructured":"Goel U, Dima D, Davis JA, Rashid A, Wesson W, Williams L et al (2025) Development of an endothelial activation and stress index (EASIX)-based predictive model for cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity after B-cell maturation antigen directed chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for relapsed\/refractory multiple myeloma. Bone Marrow Transplant 60(7):1079\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41409-025-02612-3","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"4161_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1498148","volume":"11","author":"J Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang J, Chen X, Qin C, Zeng X, Du X, Wang D (2024) The endothelial activation and stress index is a potential prognostic indicator for patients with acute pancreatitis managed in the intensive care unit: a retrospective study. Front Med (Lausanne) 11:1498148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2024.1498148","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"4161_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2025.133566","volume":"438","author":"B Estler","year":"2025","unstructured":"Estler B, Fr\u00f6hlich H, T\u00e4ger T, Hund H, Frey N, Luft T et al (2025) Endothelial dysfunction assessed by the endothelial activation and stress index (EASIX) predicts risk of mortality in chronic heart failure patients. Int J Cardiol 438:133566. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijcard.2025.133566","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"key":"4161_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12072553","author":"D Schult","year":"2023","unstructured":"Schult D, Rasch S, Schmid RM, Lahmer T, Mayr U (2023) EASIX is an accurate and easily available prognostic score in critically ill patients with advanced liver disease. J Clin Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12072553","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4161_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-06595-5","volume":"15","author":"Y Huang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Huang Y, Li Z, Wang J, Wang D, Yin X (2025) Endothelial activation and stress index is a reliable predictor for the prevalence and mortality outcomes of stroke. Sci Rep 15(1):23285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-06595-5","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"4161_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25147763","author":"AE B\u0103etu","year":"2024","unstructured":"B\u0103etu AE, Mirea LE, Cobilinschi C, Grin\u021bescu IC, Grin\u021bescu IM (2024) Platelet contribution and endothelial activation and stress index-potential mortality predictors in traumatic brain injury. Int J Mol Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25147763","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"4161_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890701854702","volume":"40","author":"T M\u00fcnzel","year":"2008","unstructured":"M\u00fcnzel T, Sinning C, Post F, Warnholtz A, Schulz E (2008) Pathophysiology, diagnosis and prognostic implications of endothelial dysfunction. Ann Med 40(3):180\u2013196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07853890701854702","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"issue":"19","key":"4161_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/jaha.120.016810","volume":"9","author":"SM Singh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Singh SM, Abdel-Qadir H, Pang A, Fang J, Koh M, Dorian P et al (2020) Population Trends in All-Cause Mortality and Cause Specific-Death With Incident Atrial Fibrillation. J Am Heart Assoc 9(19):e016810. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/jaha.120.016810","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"4161_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-021-00897-2","volume":"12","author":"Q Sun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sun Q, Xu X, Wang T, Xu Z, Lu X, Li X et al (2021) Neurovascular Units and Neural-Glia Networks in Intracerebral Hemorrhage: from Mechanisms to Translation. Transl Stroke Res 12(3):447\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12975-021-00897-2","journal-title":"Transl Stroke Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4161_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-020-01794-1","volume":"20","author":"D Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou D, Li Z, Wu L, Shi G, Zhou J (2020) Thrombocytopenia and platelet course on hospital mortality in neurological intensive care unit: a retrospective observational study from large database. BMC Neurol 20(1):220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12883-020-01794-1","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4161_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-023-04632-1","volume":"27","author":"F Husain-Syed","year":"2023","unstructured":"Husain-Syed F, Takeuchi T, Neyra JA, Ram\u00edrez-Guerrero G, Rosner MH, Ronco C et al (2023) Acute kidney injury in neurocritical care. Crit Care 27(1):341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13054-023-04632-1","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"4161_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-023-00834-4","volume":"23","author":"M Scherlinger","year":"2023","unstructured":"Scherlinger M, Richez C, Tsokos GC, Boilard E, Blanco P (2023) The role of platelets in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Nat Rev Immunol 23(8):495\u2013510. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41577-023-00834-4","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4161_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1179\/1743132812y.0000000041","volume":"34","author":"DH Rhoney","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rhoney DH, Parker D Jr., Millis SR, Whittaker P (2012) Kidney dysfunction at the time of intracerebral hemorrhage is associated with increased in-hospital mortality: a retrospective observational cohort study. Neurol Res 34(5):518\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/1743132812y.0000000041","journal-title":"Neurol Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"4161_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103531","volume":"9","author":"T Fukuhara","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fukuhara T, Aoi M, Namba Y (2014) Mechanical ventilation for comatose patients with inoperative acute intracerebral hemorrhage: possible futility of treatment. PLoS One 9(7):e103531. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0103531","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"4161_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14155195","author":"IM Vadan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vadan IM, Grad D, Strilciuc S, Stefanescu E, Verisezan Rosu O, Michalak M et al (2025) Glasgow coma scale score at admission in traumatic brain injury patients: a multicenter observational analysis. J Clin Med. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm14155195","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"4161_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.05.060","volume":"152","author":"QJ Xie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xie QJ, Huang W, Shen L, Wang MH, Liu KF, Liu F (2021) Combination of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and admission Glasgow coma scale score is independent predictor of clinical outcome in diffuse axonal injury. World Neurosurg 152:e118\u2013e27. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2021.05.060","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"8","key":"4161_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1007\/s00063-018-0484-0","volume":"114","author":"J Ramazani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ramazani J, Hosseini M (2019) Prediction of ICU mortality in critically ill children: comparison of SOFA, GCS, and FOUR score. Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed 114(8):717\u2013723. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00063-018-0484-0","journal-title":"Med Klin Intensivmed Notfmed"},{"issue":"2","key":"4161_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001278","volume":"3","author":"VS Ranasinghe","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ranasinghe VS, Pathirage M, Gawarammana IB (2023) Predictors of in-hospital mortality in stroke patients. PLOS Glob Public Health 3(2):e0001278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001278","journal-title":"PLOS Glob Public Health"},{"issue":"33","key":"4161_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0000000000011733","volume":"97","author":"X Ai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ai X, Ye Z, Li W, Zheng J, You C, Xu J (2018) Intracerebral hemorrhage in an adult patient with Tetralogy of Fallot: case report and review of the literature. Medicine Baltimore 97(33):e11733. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/md.0000000000011733","journal-title":"Medicine Baltimore"},{"issue":"10","key":"4161_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3048","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2020.1851897","volume":"17","author":"Z Yang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang Z, Lin P, Chen B, Zhang X, Xiao W, Wu S et al (2021) Autophagy alleviates hypoxia-induced blood-brain barrier injury via regulation of CLDN5 (claudin 5). Autophagy 17(10):3048\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15548627.2020.1851897","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"4161_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.02.195","volume":"114","author":"S Doerfler","year":"2018","unstructured":"Doerfler S, Faerber J, McKhann GM, Elliott JP, Winn HR, Kumar M et al (2018) The incidence and impact of secondary cerebral insults on outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. World Neurosurg 114:e483\u2013e94. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2018.02.195","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"}],"container-title":["Neurosurgical Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10143-026-04161-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10143-026-04161-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10143-026-04161-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T20:02:16Z","timestamp":1771617736000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10143-026-04161-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4161"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10143-026-04161-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1437-2320"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1437-2320","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 January 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 January 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 February 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Data for this study were obtained from the MIMIC database, which ensures ethical collection and anonymization to protect individual privacy. As our research uses only pre-existing, publicly available data without any direct interaction with human subjects or new data collection, no additional ethical approval was necessary. Thus, no ethical statement is provided.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical trial number"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"238"}}