{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T05:48:39Z","timestamp":1782452919255,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782432000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurosurg Rev"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-026-04383-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T05:28:23Z","timestamp":1782451703000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The cranioplasty equation: the influence of biomaterials, surgical timing, and frailty on optimising success"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5193-3639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yash","family":"Akkara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua J","family":"Hon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Napon","family":"Pungpapong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aron","family":"Abraham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamza","family":"Bhat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramesh","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joe M","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"4383_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2020.04.211","volume":"139","author":"A Alkhaibary","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alkhaibary A, Alharbi A, Alnefaie N, Oqalaa Almubarak A, Aloraidi A, Khairy S (2020) Cranioplasty: A Comprehensive Review of the History, Materials, Surgical Aspects, and Complications. World Neurosurg 139:445\u2013452","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"5","key":"4383_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1080\/02688697.2016.1187259","volume":"30","author":"S Honeybul","year":"2016","unstructured":"Honeybul S, Ho KM (2016) Cranioplasty: morbidity and failure. Br J Neurosurg 30(5):523\u2013528","journal-title":"Br J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"4","key":"4383_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1080\/02688697.2020.1742291","volume":"34","author":"L Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu L, Lu ST, Liu AH, Hou WB, Cao WR, Zhou C et al (2020) Comparison of complications in cranioplasty with various materials: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Neurosurg 34(4):388\u2013396","journal-title":"Br J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"6","key":"4383_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.11.JNS161917","volume":"128","author":"RP Morton","year":"2018","unstructured":"Morton RP, Abecassis IJ, Hanson JF, Barber JK, Chen M, Kelly CM et al (2018) Timing of cranioplasty: a 10.75-year single-center analysis of 754 patients. J Neurosurg 128(6):1648\u20131652","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"2","key":"4383_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2021.08.001","volume":"50","author":"ER Bader","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bader ER, Kobets AJ, Ammar A, Goodrich JT (2022) Factors predicting complications following cranioplasty. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 50(2):134\u2013139","journal-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"4383_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.9.JNS14405","volume":"123","author":"M Zanaty","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zanaty M, Chalouhi N, Starke RM, Clark SW, Bovenzi CD, Saigh M et al (2015) Complications following cranioplasty: incidence and predictors in 348 cases. J Neurosurg 123(1):182\u2013188","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"6","key":"4383_CR7","first-page":"e5059","volume":"11","author":"AN Moya","year":"2023","unstructured":"Moya AN, Owodunni OP, Harrison JL, Shahriari SR, Shetty AK, Borah GL et al (2023) Preoperative Frailty Risk in Cranioplasty Patients: Risk Analysis Index Predicts Adverse Outcomes. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. \u2013 Global Open 11(6):e5059","journal-title":"\u2013 Global Open"},{"key":"4383_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2019.05.005","volume":"128","author":"MC Yeap","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yeap MC, Tu PH, Liu ZH, Hsieh PC, Liu YT, Lee CY et al (2019) Long-Term Complications of Cranioplasty Using Stored Autologous Bone Graft, Three-Dimensional Polymethyl Methacrylate, or Titanium Mesh After Decompressive Craniectomy: A Single-Center Experience After 596 Procedures. World Neurosurg 128:e841\u2013e850","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"2","key":"4383_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e31827b98f3","volume":"72","author":"A Wiggins","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wiggins A, Austerberry R, Morrison D, Ho KM, Honeybul S (2013) Cranioplasty with custom-made titanium plates\u201314 years experience. Neurosurgery 72(2):248\u2013256 discussion 56","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"10","key":"4383_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2024.07.003","volume":"62","author":"K Tomar","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tomar K, Roy ID, Kumar Singh A, Yadav Rekha C (2024) Role of timing of cranioplasty in improving Neurological functional outcome. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 62(10):944\u2013949","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"3","key":"4383_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyx182","volume":"82","author":"JG Malcolm","year":"2018","unstructured":"Malcolm JG, Rindler RS, Chu JK, Chokshi F, Grossberg JA, Pradilla G et al (2018) Early Cranioplasty is Associated with Greater Neurological Improvement: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Neurosurgery 82(3):278\u2013288","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"4","key":"4383_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.3171\/2024.1.JNS232172","volume":"141","author":"RJG Vreeburg","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vreeburg RJG, Singh RD, van Erp IAM, Korhonen TK, Yue JK, Mee H et al (2024) Early versus delayed cranioplasty after decompressive craniectomy in traumatic brain injury: a multicenter observational study within CENTER-TBI and Net-QuRe. J Neurosurg 141(4):895\u2013907","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"12","key":"4383_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4176","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14124176","volume":"14","author":"OG Chasles","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chasles OG, Kokot K, Fercho J, Siemi\u0144ski M, Szmuda T (2025) Comparison of Complications in Early and Late Cranioplasty Following Decompressive Craniectomy Due to Traumatic Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med 14(12):4176","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4383_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-025-03832-3","volume":"48","author":"S Chibbaro","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chibbaro S, Zaed I, Dannhoff G, Todeschi J, Mallereau C-H, Prisco L et al (2025) Cranioplasty complications in severe traumatic brain injury: implications of timing of surgery, implant material and incidence of vetriculomegaly versus Post-Traumatic hydrocephalus. Neurosurg Rev 48(1):659","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"key":"4383_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2015.05.031","volume":"136","author":"H Xu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Xu H, Niu C, Fu X, Ding W, Ling S, Jiang X et al (2015) Early cranioplasty vs. late cranioplasty for the treatment of cranial defect: A systematic review. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 136:33\u201340","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"issue":"694","key":"4383_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp20X709829","volume":"70","author":"AE Ferris","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ferris AE, Harding KG (2020) Are chronic wounds a feature of frailty? Br J Gen Pract 70(694):256\u2013257","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"4383_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2022.07.013","volume":"179","author":"H Jonsson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jonsson H, Piscator E, Israelsson J, Lilja G, Dj\u00e4rv T (2022) Is frailty associated with long-term survival, neurological function and patient-reported outcomes after in-hospital cardiac arrest? \u2013 A Swedish cohort study. Resuscitation 179:233\u2013242","journal-title":"Resuscitation"},{"issue":"5","key":"4383_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-09695-6","volume":"267","author":"T Goedemans","year":"2020","unstructured":"Goedemans T, Verbaan D, van der Veer O, Bot M, Post R, Hoogmoed J et al (2020) Complications in cranioplasty after decompressive craniectomy: timing of the intervention. J Neurol 267(5):1312\u20131320","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"4383_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.25259\/SNI_471_2023","volume":"14","author":"RD Morgan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Morgan RD, Kharbat AF, Collins RA, Garza J, Belirgen M, Nagy L (2023) Analysis of the timing and the usage of drains following cranioplasty on outcomes and the incidence of bone resorption. Surg Neurol Int 14:329","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"4383_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3171\/2015.12.JNS152004","volume":"126","author":"S Honeybul","year":"2017","unstructured":"Honeybul S, Morrison DA, Ho KM, Lind CR, Geelhoed E (2017) A randomized controlled trial comparing autologous cranioplasty with custom-made titanium cranioplasty. J Neurosurg 126(1):81\u201390","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"4","key":"4383_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb15040084","volume":"15","author":"L He","year":"2024","unstructured":"He L (2024) Biomaterials for Regenerative Cranioplasty: Current State of Clinical Application and Future Challenges. J Funct Biomater 15(4):84","journal-title":"J Funct Biomater"},{"key":"4383_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.25259\/SNI_906_2023","volume":"15","author":"V Kopa\u010din","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kopa\u010din V, Zub\u010di\u0107 V, Mumlek I, Mu\u017eevi\u0107 D, Ron\u010devi\u0107 A, Lazar AM et al (2024) Personalized 3D-printed cranial implants for complex cranioplasty using open-source software. Surg Neurol Int 15:39","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int"},{"issue":"8","key":"4383_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000003025","volume":"27","author":"B Zanotti","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zanotti B, Zingaretti N, Verlicchi A, Robiony M, Alfieri A, Parodi P (2016) Cranioplasty: Review of Materials. J Craniofac Surg 27(8):2061\u20132072","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"4383_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.3171\/2022.4.JNS22301","volume":"138","author":"TH Do","year":"2023","unstructured":"Do TH, Lu J, Palzer EF, Cramer SW, Huling JD, Johnson RA et al (2023) Rates of operative intervention for infection after synthetic or autologous cranioplasty: a National Readmissions Database analysis. J Neurosurg 138(2):514\u2013521","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"1","key":"4383_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-025-03818-1","volume":"48","author":"F Faedo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Faedo F, Zaed I, Pizzi A, Iaccarino C, Servadei F (2025) Infection rates following custom-made cranioplasty using heterologous materials: insights from a systematic review on 3260 patients with a focus on follow-up length. Neurosurg Rev 48(1):657","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"4383_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyab180","volume":"89","author":"J Henry","year":"2021","unstructured":"Henry J, Amoo M, Taylor J, O'Brien DP (2021) Complications of Cranioplasty in Relation to Material: Systematic Review, Network Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression. Neurosurgery 89(3):383\u2013394","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"12","key":"4383_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3075","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-022-05251-5","volume":"164","author":"JVE Gerstl","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gerstl JVE, Rendon LF, Burke SM, Doucette J, Mekary RA, Smith TR (2022) Complications and cosmetic outcomes of materials used in cranioplasty following decompressive craniectomy-a systematic review, pairwise meta-analysis, and network meta-analysis. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 164(12):3075\u20133090","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"issue":"3","key":"4383_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-197805000-00007","volume":"2","author":"LP Carter","year":"1978","unstructured":"Carter LP, White WL, Atkinson JR (1978) Regional cortical blood flow at craniotomy. Neurosurgery 2(3):223\u2013229","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"03","key":"4383_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-0358.146581","volume":"47","author":"B Zanotti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zanotti B, Zingaretti N, Almesberger D, Verlicchi A, Stefini R, Ragonese M et al (2014) Enhancing dermal and bone regeneration in calvarial defect surgery. Indian J Plast Surg 47(03):325\u2013332","journal-title":"Indian J Plast Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"4383_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000008363","volume":"33","author":"F Amendola","year":"2022","unstructured":"Amendola F, Vaienti L, Carbonaro R, Nataloni A, Barbanera A, Zingaretti N et al (2022) The Antibiotic Immersion of Custom-Made Porous Hydroxyapatite Cranioplasty: A Multicentric Cohort Study. J Craniofac Surg 33(5):1464\u20131468","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"4383_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.4103\/2347-9264.149364","volume":"2","author":"B Zanotti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zanotti B, Verlicchi A, Stefini R, Salgarelli AC, Zingaretti N, Parodi PC et al (2015) Surgical pitfalls with custom-made porous hydroxyapatite cranial implants. Plast Aesthetic Res 2:7\u201311","journal-title":"Plast Aesthetic Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"4383_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jormas.2025.102277","volume":"126","author":"L Knoedler","year":"2025","unstructured":"Knoedler L, Hoch CC, Knoedler S, Klimitz FJ, Schaschinger T, Niederegger T et al (2025) Objectifying aesthetic outcomes following face transplantation - the AI research metrics model (CAARISMA\u00ae ARMM). J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg 126(6):102277","journal-title":"J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"5","key":"4383_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2116","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-025-05607-z","volume":"50","author":"J Fenske","year":"2026","unstructured":"Fenske J, Knoedler S, Niederegger T, Bigus S, Voss JO, Pooth R et al (2026) AI-Based Quantitative and Objective Analysis of Aesthetic Results in Genioplasty. Aesthetic Plast Surg 50(5):2116\u20132122","journal-title":"Aesthetic Plast Surg"}],"container-title":["Neurosurgical Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10143-026-04383-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10143-026-04383-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10143-026-04383-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T05:28:24Z","timestamp":1782451704000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10143-026-04383-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4383"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10143-026-04383-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1437-2320"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1437-2320","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 May 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 June 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 June 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This retrospective study was in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki. This study has been registered as an approved audit in the ICHNT database.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human ethics"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all patients at our institution for the use of their data in retrospective data collection at the time of admission. Any patients who did not provide consent for the use of their data were not included in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical trial number"}}],"article-number":"458"}}