{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T02:03:38Z","timestamp":1783735418362,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,26]],"date-time":"2019-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574726400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,26]],"date-time":"2019-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1574726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013398","name":"Sykehuset Innlandet HF","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["0353"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0353"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013398","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tech Coloproctol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sphincteroplasty is one of the treatment options for anal incontinence following obstetric injury. The aim of the study was to evaluate the long-term effect of sphincteroplasty with separate suturing of the internal and the external anal sphincter on anal continence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A retrospective study was conducted on women who had sphincteroplasty for treatment of anal incontinence following obstetric injury. Women operated between January 1, 2011 and December 31, 2014 at Sykehuset Innlandet Hospital Trust Hamar, were invited to answer a questionnaire and participate in a clinical examination, including endoanal sonography.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>111 (86.7%) women participated. Median postoperative follow-up was 44.5\u00a0months, and 63.8% of the participants experienced an improvement of at least three points in the St. Mark\u2019s incontinence score. Fecal urgency and daily fecal leakage persisted in 39.4% and 6.4% of the participants, respectively. The internal anal sphincter improvement persisted in 61.8% of the participants, and there was a median reduction of their St. Mark\u2019s score of 6.0 points between the preoperative value and the value at long-term follow-up. There was no significant change in the St. Mark\u2019s score of patients with persistent dehiscence of the internal anal sphincter.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sphincteroplasty, with separate suturing of the internal sphincter resulted in continence for stool maintained for at least 3\u00a0years in the majority of the patients, while there was an improvement in continence in nearly two-thirds.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-019-02122-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,26]],"date-time":"2019-11-26T10:02:31Z","timestamp":1574762551000},"page":"1163-1172","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Long-term outcome of sphincteroplasty with separate suturing of the internal and the external anal sphincter"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9566-527X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. R.","family":"Berg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Gregussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y.","family":"Sahlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2122_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2015.06.025","volume":"131","author":"AJ Ampt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ampt AJ, Patterson JA, Roberts CL, Ford JB (2015) Obstetric anal sphincter injury rates among primiparous women with different modes of vaginal delivery. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 131(3):260\u2013264","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"issue":"1","key":"2122_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2009.04.033","volume":"146","author":"K Laine","year":"2009","unstructured":"Laine K, Gissler M, Pirhonen J (2009) Changing incidence of anal sphincter tears in four Nordic countries through the last decades. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 146(1):71\u201375","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2122_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.12481","volume":"42","author":"RA Guzman Rojas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Guzman Rojas RA, Shek KL, Langer SM, Dietz HP (2013) Prevalence of anal sphincter injury in primiparous women. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 42(4):461\u2013466","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2122_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2006.00799.x","volume":"113","author":"V Andrews","year":"2006","unstructured":"Andrews V, Sultan AH, Thakar R, Jones PW (2006) Occult anal sphincter injuries\u2013myth or reality? BJOG 113(2):195\u2013200","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"2","key":"2122_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e318142cdf4","volume":"247","author":"TC Dudding","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dudding TC, Vaizey CJ, Kamm MA (2008) Obstetric anal sphincter injury: incidence, risk factors, and management. Ann Surg 247(2):224\u2013237","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"issue":"11","key":"2122_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.4369","volume":"90","author":"M Oberwalder","year":"2003","unstructured":"Oberwalder M, Connor J, Wexner SD (2003) Meta-analysis to determine the incidence of obstetric anal sphincter damage. Br J Surg 90(11):1333\u20131337","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"issue":"26","key":"2122_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199312233292601","volume":"329","author":"AH Sultan","year":"1993","unstructured":"Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Hudson CN, Thomas JM, Bartram CI (1993) Anal-sphincter disruption during vaginal delivery. N Engl J Med 329(26):1905\u20131911","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"2122_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-016-3017-5","volume":"27","author":"S Cornelisse","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cornelisse S, Arendsen LP, van Kuijk SM, Kluivers KB, van Dillen J, Weemhoff M (2016) Obstetric anal sphincter injury: a follow-up questionnaire study on longer-term outcomes. Int Urogynecol J 27(10):1591\u20131596","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"issue":"7","key":"2122_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1080\/j.1600-0412.1998.770707.x","volume":"77","author":"H Gjessing","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gjessing H, Backe B, Sahlin Y (1998) Third degree obstetric tears; outcome after primary repair. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 77(7):736\u2013740","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"issue":"6","key":"2122_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000147597.45349.e8","volume":"104","author":"J Pollack","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pollack J, Nordenstam J, Brismar S, Lopez A, Altman D, Zetterstrom J (2004) Anal incontinence after vaginal delivery: a five-year prospective cohort study. Obstet Gynecol 104(6):1397\u20131402","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"6933","key":"2122_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.308.6933.887","volume":"308","author":"AH Sultan","year":"1994","unstructured":"Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Hudson CN, Bartram CI (1994) Third degree obstetric anal sphincter tears: risk factors and outcome of primary repair. BMJ 308(6933):887\u2013891","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"2122_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0412.2003.00088.x","volume":"82","author":"J Wagenius","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wagenius J, Laurin J (2003) Clinical symptoms after anal sphincter rupture: a retrospective study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 82(3):246\u2013250","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"issue":"1","key":"2122_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2014.01.018","volume":"126","author":"EJ Oude Lohuis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Oude Lohuis EJ, Everhardt E (2014) Outcome of obstetric anal sphincter injuries in terms of persisting endoanal ultrasonographic defects and defecatory symptoms. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 126(1):70\u201373","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"issue":"3","key":"2122_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2004.00400.x","volume":"112","author":"EU Fornell","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fornell EU, Matthiesen L, Sjodahl R, Berg G (2005) Obstetric anal sphincter injury ten years after: subjective and objective long term effects. BJOG 112(3):312\u2013316","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"5","key":"2122_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-0887-2","volume":"48","author":"S Norderval","year":"2005","unstructured":"Norderval S, Oian P, Revhaug A, Vonen B (2005) Anal incontinence after obstetric sphincter tears: outcome of anatomic primary repairs. Dis Colon Rectum 48(5):1055\u20131061","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"1","key":"2122_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-004-0737-7","volume":"21","author":"GI Barisic","year":"2006","unstructured":"Barisic GI, Krivokapic ZV, Markovic VA, Popovic MA (2006) Outcome of overlapping anal sphincter repair after 3\u00a0months and after a mean of 80 months. Int J Colorectal Dis 21(1):52\u201356","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"2122_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.3109\/00016349.2010.519019","volume":"89","author":"E Johnson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Johnson E, Carlsen E, Steen TB, Backer Hjorthaug JO, Eriksen MT, Johannessen HO (2010) Short- and long-term results of secondary anterior sphincteroplasty in 33 patients with obstetric injury. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 89(11):1466\u20131472","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"issue":"3","key":"2122_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-0770-1","volume":"48","author":"L Zorcolo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zorcolo L, Covotta L, Bartolo DC (2005) Outcome of anterior sphincter repair for obstetric injury: comparison of early and late results. Dis Colon Rectum 48(3):524\u2013531","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"4","key":"2122_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0b013e3182468c22","volume":"55","author":"SC Glasgow","year":"2012","unstructured":"Glasgow SC, Lowry AC (2012) Long-term outcomes of anal sphincter repair for fecal incontinence: a systematic review. Dis Colon Rectum 55(4):482\u2013490","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"1","key":"2122_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.44.1.77","volume":"44","author":"CJ Vaizey","year":"1999","unstructured":"Vaizey CJ, Carapeti E, Cahill JA, Kamm MA (1999) Prospective comparison of faecal incontinence grading systems. Gut 44(1):77\u201380","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"4","key":"2122_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-007-9157-4","volume":"51","author":"Y Maeda","year":"2008","unstructured":"Maeda Y, Pares D, Norton C, Vaizey CJ, Kamm MA (2008) Does the St. Mark\u2019s incontinence score reflect patients\u2019 perceptions? A review of 390 patients. Dis Colon Rectum 51(4):436\u2013442","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"4","key":"2122_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-008-0784-7","volume":"20","author":"AM Roos","year":"2009","unstructured":"Roos AM, Sultan AH, Thakar R (2009) St. Mark\u2019s incontinence score for assessment of anal incontinence following obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS). Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 20(4):407\u2013410","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct"},{"issue":"5","key":"2122_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-003-0114-6","volume":"47","author":"A Bravo Gutierrez","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bravo Gutierrez A, Madoff RD, Lowry AC, Parker SC, Buie WD, Baxter NN (2004) Long-term results of anterior sphincteroplasty. Dis Colon Rectum 47(5):727\u2013731 (discussion 731\u2013722)","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"3","key":"2122_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-6180-6","volume":"45","author":"AL Halverson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Halverson AL, Hull TL (2002) Long-term outcome of overlapping anal sphincter repair. Dis Colon Rectum 45(3):345\u2013348","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"6","key":"2122_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02238020","volume":"43","author":"S Karoui","year":"2000","unstructured":"Karoui S, Leroi AM, Koning E, Menard JF, Michot F, Denis P (2000) Results of sphincteroplasty in 86 patients with anal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 43(6):813\u2013820","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum."},{"issue":"11","key":"2122_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-014-2005-9","volume":"29","author":"G Lamblin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lamblin G, Bouvier P, Damon H et al (2014) Long-term outcome after overlapping anterior anal sphincter repair for fecal incontinence. Int J Colorectal Dis 29(11):1377\u20131383","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"2122_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00699424","volume":"9","author":"EE Londono-Schimmer","year":"1994","unstructured":"Londono-Schimmer EE, Garcia-Duperly R, Nicholls RJ, Ritchie JK, Hawley PR, Thomson JP (1994) Overlapping anal sphincter repair for faecal incontinence due to sphincter trauma: five year follow-up functional results. Int J Colorectal Dis 9(2):110\u2013113","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"issue":"9200","key":"2122_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)05218-6","volume":"355","author":"AJ Malouf","year":"2000","unstructured":"Malouf AJ, Norton CS, Engel AF, Nicholls RJ, Kamm MA (2000) Long-term results of overlapping anterior anal-sphincter repair for obstetric trauma. Lancet 355(9200):260\u2013265","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2122_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-018-1770-9","volume":"22","author":"K Kuismanen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kuismanen K, Nieminen K, Karjalainen K, Lehto K, Uotila J (2018) Outcomes of primary anal sphincter repair after obstetric injury and evaluation of a novel three-choice assessment. Tech Coloproctol 22:209\u2013214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10151-018-1770-9","journal-title":"Tech Coloproctol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2122_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-004-6260-7","volume":"45","author":"P Giordano","year":"2002","unstructured":"Giordano P, Renzi A, Efron J et al (2002) Previous sphincter repair does not affect the outcome of repeat repair. Dis Colon Rectum 45(5):635\u2013640","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"5","key":"2122_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425.e421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2012.06.055","volume":"207","author":"EC Evers","year":"2012","unstructured":"Evers EC, Blomquist JL, McDermott KC, Handa VL (2012) Obstetrical anal sphincter laceration and anal incontinence 5\u201310\u00a0years after childbirth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 207(5):425.e421\u2013425.e426","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2122_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181d4160d","volume":"115","author":"J Lo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lo J, Osterweil P, Li H, Mori T, Eden KB, Guise JM (2010) Quality of life in women with postpartum anal incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 115(4):809\u2013814","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2122_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0001-6349.2004.00647.x","volume":"83","author":"S Norderval","year":"2004","unstructured":"Norderval S, Nsubuga D, Bjelke C, Frasunek J, Myklebust I, Vonen B (2004) Anal incontinence after obstetric sphincter tears: incidence in a Norwegian county. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 83(10):989\u2013994","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"}],"container-title":["Techniques in Coloproctology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10151-019-02122-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10151-019-02122-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10151-019-02122-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,27]],"date-time":"2024-07-27T18:59:34Z","timestamp":1722106774000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10151-019-02122-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,26]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2122"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10151-019-02122-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1123-6337","1128-045X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1123-6337","type":"print"},{"value":"1128-045X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 June 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 November 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 November 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare they have no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional review board at Innlandet Hospital Trust and national research committee (Regional ethical committee of medical research, case number 344\/16) and with the 1964 Helsiniki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}