{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T10:32:17Z","timestamp":1768559537046,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,26]],"date-time":"2023-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679788800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,26]],"date-time":"2023-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tech Coloproctol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Fecal incontinence (FI) is common, but its etiology is complex with large knowledge gaps. Several phenotypes of FI are known, but the phenotype is often not decisive in the chosen therapy. In this study we aimed to assess the association of the clinical characteristics of patients with FI and the various phenotypes, in order to establish a targeted clinical treatment decision tree.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We retrospectively studied the charts of patients with FI, who visited our institute from January 2018 until December 2020. Patients were divided into the following groups: passive fecal loss, urge incontinence, combined fecal incontinence with predominantly passive fecal loss, and combined fecal incontinence with predominantly urge incontinence. We compared the characteristics between the passive and urge incontinence groups, the passive\u00a0 and combined mainly passive groups, and the urge and combined mainly urge\u00a0groups.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Patients with passive incintinence were older, more often had a flaccid anus with presence of a mucosal prolapse, and had a lower resting pressure on anorectal manometry. Patients with urge incontinence were younger and more often had a history of birth trauma. The combined groups showed characteristics of both of the main types of FI.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Differentiating into phenotypes of FI can be clinically meaningful. The patient history\u00a0and clinical judgement of the consulting specialist, rather than the physical characteristics, seem to be decisive in the categorization. Additional diagnostic testing can be helpful in complicated cases, but should not be used routinely.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-023-02778-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,26]],"date-time":"2023-03-26T16:02:42Z","timestamp":1679846562000},"page":"475-480","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Clinical characteristics of phenotypes of fecal incontinence"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"M. E.","family":"Knol","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"E.","family":"Bastiaannet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. C.","family":"DeRuiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H. S.","family":"Snijders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. T. M.","family":"van der Heyden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0905-8375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C. I. M.","family":"Baeten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2778_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rao SS, Bharucha AE, Chiarioni G, Felt-Bersma R, Knowles C, Malcolm A et al (2016) Functional anorectal disorders. Gastroenterology 150(6):1430\u20131442.e4","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.02.009"},{"issue":"4","key":"2778_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-017-0554-0","volume":"19","author":"M Simren","year":"2017","unstructured":"Simren M, Palsson OS, Whitehead WE (2017) Update on Rome IV criteria for colorectal disorders: implications for clinical practice. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 19(4):15","journal-title":"Curr Gastroenterol Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2778_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2014.396","volume":"110","author":"AE Bharucha","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bharucha AE, Dunivan G, Goode PS, et al (2015) Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and classification of fecal incontinence: state of the science summary for the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) workshop. Am J Gastroenterol 110(1):127\u2013136","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2778_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000000514","volume":"58","author":"KS Ng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ng KS, Sivakumaran Y, Nassar N, Gladman MA (2015) Fecal incontinence: community prevalence and associated factors\u2014a systematic review. Dis Colon Rectum 58(12):1194\u20131209","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"issue":"3","key":"2778_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1318.2007.01375.x","volume":"10","author":"J Melenhorst","year":"2008","unstructured":"Melenhorst J, Koch SM, Uludag O, van Gemert WG, Baeten CG (2008) Is a morphologically intact anal sphincter necessary for success with sacral nerve modulation in patients with faecal incontinence? Colorectal Dis 10(3):257\u2013262","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"2778_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-018-0614-0","volume":"20","author":"A Wald","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wald A (2018) Diagnosis and management of fecal incontinence. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 20(3):9","journal-title":"Curr Gastroenterol Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"2778_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-018-3051-5","volume":"33","author":"MM van Meegdenburg","year":"2018","unstructured":"van Meegdenburg MM, Meinds RJ, Trzpis M, Broens PMA (2018) Subtypes and symptoms of fecal incontinence in the Dutch population: a cross-sectional study. Int J Colorectal Dis 33(7):919\u2013925","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"2778_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1097\/SPV.0000000000000603","volume":"26","author":"AK Pahwa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pahwa AK, Khanijow KD, Harvie HS, Arya LA, Andy UU (2020) Comparison of patient impact and clinical characteristics between urgency and passive fecal incontinence phenotypes. Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg 26(9):570\u2013574","journal-title":"Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg"},{"issue":"9","key":"2778_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800820910","volume":"82","author":"AS Gee","year":"1995","unstructured":"Gee AS, Durdey P (1995) Urge incontinence of faeces is a marker of severe external anal sphincter dysfunction. 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