{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T02:11:34Z","timestamp":1792289494499,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690416000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1690416000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tech Coloproctol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>There remains uncertainty as to which risk factors are important for the development of defaecatory problems as a result of heterogeneity of published evidence. Understanding the impact of risk factors may be important in selecting targets for disease prevention or reversal.\u00a0The aim of this study was to identify and evaluate risk factors for faecal incontinence and chronic constipation.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Risk factors for chronic constipation and faecal incontinence were long-listed from scientific literature, then anonymously evaluated (by 50 predominantly colorectal surgical experts from the UK Pelvic Floor Society) using a Delphi technique. Each risk factor was rated as independent, a co-factor, or not a risk factor. Independent risk factors were rated between 1 (not important) and 10 (critically important) with mean (\u00b1\u2009standard deviation) calculated.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Thirty-eight risk factors for chronic constipation were evaluated. Eighteen were classed as independent and 16 as co-factors. Opioid analgesia (7.87\u2009\u00b1\u20092.05), eating disorders (7.80\u2009\u00b1\u20091.72), and history of abuse (7.70\u2009\u00b1\u20091.89) were scored as most important independent risk factors. Female sex (6.60\u2009\u00b1\u20092.02) was considered an independent risk factor but increasing age was rated a co-factor. Thirty-three risk factors for faecal incontinence were evaluated. Twenty were classed as independent and eight as co-factors. Third- or fourth-degree tear (8.88\u2009\u00b1\u20091.57), instrumental delivery (8.47\u2009\u00b1\u20091.58), and grand multiparity (8.00\u2009\u00b1\u20091.63) were rated most important. Increasing age (7.41\u2009\u00b1\u20092.14) and female sex (7.58\u2009\u00b1\u20092.05) were both considered independent risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Several risk factors for chronic constipation and faecal incontinence were selected by Delphi approach. These factors will feed forward into Bayesian models of disease prediction that combine data and expert knowledge.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-023-02843-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,27]],"date-time":"2023-07-27T11:02:17Z","timestamp":1690455737000},"page":"847-857","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Evaluating the risk factors for the development of benign disorders of defaecation: a surgical perspective"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2244-5775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P.","family":"Chaichanavichkij","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Hartmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. 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PC, MH, and NF have no conflict of interest. CHK has received financial remuneration from Medtronic Inc. as speaker fees and for expert advisory committees, and research support from Saluda Medical. SMS has received honoraria for teaching from MMS\/Laborie.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Queen Mary Ethics of Research Committee (QMERC20.228).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}