{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T11:10:13Z","timestamp":1789729813262,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]],"date-time":"2025-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766793600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":33,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Tech Coloproctol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-025-03267-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]],"date-time":"2025-12-27T10:45:07Z","timestamp":1766832307000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Double-tube end ileostomy: an alternative to classical defunctioning stoma in rectal surgery"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Y.","family":"Xia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y.","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Y.","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4804-6902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B.","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"3267_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.996866","volume":"12","author":"K Zheng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zheng K, Hu Q, Yu G et\u00a0al (2022) Trends of sphincter-preserving surgeries for low lying rectal cancer: a 20-year experience in China. Front Oncol 12:996866. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2022.996866","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"3267_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa010580","volume":"345","author":"E Kapiteijn","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kapiteijn E, Marijnen CA, Nagtegaal ID et\u00a0al (2001) Preoperative radiotherapy combined with total mesorectal excision for resectable rectal cancer. N Engl J Med 345:638\u2013646. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa010580","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"3267_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v9.i7.1477","volume":"9","author":"Z-G Zhou","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zhou Z-G, Wang Z, Yu Y-Y et\u00a0al (2003) Laparoscopic total mesorectal excision of low rectal cancer with preservation of anal sphincter: a report of 82 cases. World J Gastroenterol 9:1477\u20131481. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v9.i7.1477","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"3267_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suronc.2022.101708","volume":"40","author":"MM Chiarello","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chiarello MM, Fransvea P, Cariati M et\u00a0al (2022) Anastomotic leakage in colorectal cancer surgery. Surg Oncol 40:101708. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.suronc.2022.101708","journal-title":"Surg Oncol"},{"key":"3267_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000000249","volume":"58","author":"EF Midura","year":"2015","unstructured":"Midura EF, Hanseman D, Davis BR et\u00a0al (2015) Risk factors and consequences of anastomotic leak after colectomy: a national analysis. Dis Colon Rectum 58:333\u2013338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/DCR.0000000000000249","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"3267_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e318262a6cd","volume":"257","author":"K Trencheva","year":"2013","unstructured":"Trencheva K, Morrissey KP, Wells M et\u00a0al (2013) Identifying important predictors for anastomotic leak after colon and rectal resection: prospective study on 616 patients. Ann Surg 257:108\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SLA.0b013e318262a6cd","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"3267_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e3181dae4ed","volume":"251","author":"BC Paun","year":"2010","unstructured":"Paun BC, Cassie S, MacLean AR et\u00a0al (2010) Postoperative complications following surgery for rectal cancer. Ann Surg 251:807\u2013818. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SLA.0b013e3181dae4ed","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"3267_CR8","unstructured":"Randomized clinical trial of early versus delayed temporary stoma closure after proctectomy - PubMed. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/18446781\/. Accessed 27 Jan 2025"},{"key":"3267_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.15997","volume":"24","author":"M Degiuli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Degiuli M, Elmore U, De Luca R et\u00a0al (2022) Risk factors for anastomotic leakage after anterior resection for rectal cancer (RALAR study): a nationwide retrospective study of the Italian Society of Surgical Oncology Colorectal Cancer Network Collaborative Group. Colorectal Dis 24:264\u2013276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/codi.15997","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"3267_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-024-04600-3","volume":"39","author":"K Hrebinko","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hrebinko K, Anto VP, Reitz KM et\u00a0al (2024) Prophylactic defunctioning stomas improve clinical outcomes of anastomotic leak following rectal cancer resections: an analysis of the US rectal cancer consortium. Int J Colorectal Dis 39:39. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00384-024-04600-3","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"3267_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.21614\/chirurgia.2023.v.118.i.5.p.502","volume":"118","author":"EL Albulescu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Albulescu EL, Ramboiu S, \u015eurlin VM et\u00a0al (2023) The role of ileostomy in the prevention and treatment of anastomotic leakage after elective rectal cancer surgery - a retrospective analysis of specific risk factors, outcomes, and complications. Chirurgia 118:502\u2013512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21614\/chirurgia.2023.v.118.i.5.p.502","journal-title":"Chirurgia"},{"key":"3267_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15930","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16311-7","volume":"7","author":"Y Wu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wu Y, Zheng H, Guo T et\u00a0al (2017) Temporary diverting stoma improves recovery of anastomotic leakage after anterior resection for rectal cancer. Sci Rep 7:15930. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-16311-7","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"3267_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2015.11.006","volume":"159","author":"K Mrak","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mrak K, Uranitsch S, Pedross F et\u00a0al (2016) Diverting ileostomy versus no diversion after low anterior resection for rectal cancer: a prospective, randomized, multicenter trial. Surgery 159:1129\u20131139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.surg.2015.11.006","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"3267_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-013-3287-9","volume":"21","author":"UR Phatak","year":"2014","unstructured":"Phatak UR, Kao LS, You YN et\u00a0al (2014) Impact of ileostomy-related complications on the multidisciplinary treatment of rectal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 21:507\u2013512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1245\/s10434-013-3287-9","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"3267_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-012-1413-y","volume":"27","author":"HA Formijne Jonkers","year":"2012","unstructured":"Formijne Jonkers HA, Draaisma WA, Roskott AM et\u00a0al (2012) Early complications after stoma formation: a prospective cohort study in 100 patients with 1-year follow-up. Int J Colorectal Dis 27:1095\u20131099. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00384-012-1413-y","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"3267_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2013.03.025","volume":"39","author":"HS Snijders","year":"2013","unstructured":"Snijders HS, van den Broek CBM, Wouters MWJM et\u00a0al (2013) An increasing use of defunctioning stomas after low anterior resection for rectal cancer. Is this the way to go? Euro J Surg Oncol (EJSO) 39:715\u2013720. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejso.2013.03.025","journal-title":"Euro J Surg Oncol (EJSO)"},{"key":"3267_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.5352","volume":"29","author":"L Song","year":"2020","unstructured":"Song L, Han X, Zhang J, Tang L (2020) Body image mediates the effect of stoma status on psychological distress and quality of life in patients with colorectal cancer. Psychooncology 29:796\u2013802. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pon.5352","journal-title":"Psychooncology"},{"key":"3267_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2010.11.003","volume":"70","author":"L Sharpe","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sharpe L, Patel D, Clarke S (2011) The relationship between body image disturbance and distress in colorectal cancer patients with and without stomas. J Psychosom Res 70:395\u2013402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2010.11.003","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"3267_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2012.08.018","volume":"178","author":"B Gessler","year":"2012","unstructured":"Gessler B, Haglind E, Angenete E (2012) Loop ileostomies in colorectal cancer patients\u2013morbidity and risk factors for nonreversal. J Surg Res 178:708\u2013714. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jss.2012.08.018","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"3267_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000000520","volume":"59","author":"H-D Pan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pan H-D, Peng Y-F, Wang L et\u00a0al (2016) Risk factors for nonclosure of a temporary defunctioning ileostomy following anterior resection of rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 59:94\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/DCR.0000000000000520","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"3267_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-010-1036-0","volume":"26","author":"A Shiomi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shiomi A, Ito M, Saito N et\u00a0al (2011) Diverting stoma in rectal cancer surgery. A retrospective study of 329 patients from Japanese cancer centers. Int J Colorectal Dis 26:79\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00384-010-1036-0","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"3267_CR22","unstructured":"Diverting ileostomy versus no diversion after low anterior resection for rectal cancer: A prospective, randomized, multicenter trial - PubMed. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/26706610\/. Accessed 27 Jan 2025"},{"key":"3267_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0b013e3180603024","volume":"246","author":"P Matthiessen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Matthiessen P, Hallb\u00f6\u00f6k O, Ruteg\u00e5rd J et\u00a0al (2007) Defunctioning stoma reduces symptomatic anastomotic leakage after low anterior resection of the rectum for cancer: a randomized multicenter trial. Ann Surg 246:207\u2013214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SLA.0b013e3180603024","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"3267_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s00423-015-1275-1","volume":"400","author":"MH Hanna","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hanna MH, Vinci A, Pigazzi A (2015) Diverting ileostomy in colorectal surgery: when is it necessary? Langenbecks Arch Surg 400:145\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00423-015-1275-1","journal-title":"Langenbecks Arch Surg"},{"key":"3267_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2009.10.012","volume":"147","author":"NN Rahbari","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rahbari NN, Weitz J, Hohenberger W et\u00a0al (2010) Definition and grading of anastomotic leakage following anterior resection of the rectum: a proposal by the international study group of rectal cancer. Surgery 147:339\u2013351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.surg.2009.10.012","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"3267_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4809","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-016-4811-3","volume":"30","author":"P Ihn\u00e1t","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ihn\u00e1t P, Gu\u0148kov\u00e1 P, Peteja M et\u00a0al (2016) Diverting ileostomy in laparoscopic rectal cancer surgery: high price of protection. Surg Endosc 30:4809\u20134816. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00464-016-4811-3","journal-title":"Surg Endosc"},{"key":"3267_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3582","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-015-4385-7","volume":"22","author":"HS Snijders","year":"2015","unstructured":"Snijders HS, Van Leersum NJ, Henneman D et\u00a0al (2015) Optimal treatment strategy in rectal cancer surgery: should we be cowboys or chickens? Ann Surg Oncol 22:3582\u20133589. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1245\/s10434-015-4385-7","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"3267_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.173-9752.2018.02.013","author":"D Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang D, Huang Y, Wang W et\u00a0al (2018) Application value of the modified terminal cannula ileostomy in laparoscopic anus-preserving operation of low rectal cancer. Chin J Dig Surg. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3760\/cma.j.issn.173-9752.2018.02.013","journal-title":"Chin J Dig Surg"},{"key":"3267_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000005345","volume":"95","author":"L Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu L, Huang Q, Wang J et\u00a0al (2016) Protection of low rectal anastomosis with a new tube ileostomy using a biofragmentable anastomosis ring: a retrospective study. Medicine (Baltimore) 95:e5345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000005345","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"3267_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2021.4568","volume":"156","author":"S Zhao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao S, Zhang L, Gao F et\u00a0al (2021) Transanal drainage tube use for preventing anastomotic leakage after laparoscopic low anterior resection in patients with rectal cancer: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Surg 156:1151\u20131158. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamasurg.2021.4568","journal-title":"JAMA Surg"},{"key":"3267_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1007\/s13193-022-01501-1","volume":"13","author":"AP Mathew","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mathew AP, M S, K C et\u00a0al (2022) Morbidity of temporary loop ileostomy in patients with colorectal cancer. Indian J Surg Oncol 13:468\u2013473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13193-022-01501-1","journal-title":"Indian J Surg Oncol"},{"key":"3267_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1007\/s10350-006-0541-2","volume":"49","author":"A Thalheimer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Thalheimer A, Bueter M, Kortuem M et\u00a0al (2006) Morbidity of temporary loop ileostomy in patients with colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 49:1011\u20131017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10350-006-0541-2","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"3267_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.12968\/bjon.2020.29.22.S27","volume":"29","author":"H Rafiei","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rafiei H, Rashvand F, Malmir S (2020) Quality of life of family caregivers of patients with a stoma: a cross-sectional study from Iran. Br J Nurs 29:S27\u2013S30. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12968\/bjon.2020.29.22.S27","journal-title":"Br J Nurs"},{"key":"3267_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11764-024-01614-2","author":"G Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li G, He X, Qin R et\u00a0al (2024) Linking stigma to social isolation among colorectal cancer survivors with permanent stomas: the chain mediating roles of stoma acceptance and valuable actions. J Cancer Surviv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11764-024-01614-2","journal-title":"J Cancer Surviv"},{"key":"3267_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcol.2018.06.001","volume":"38","author":"F Alwi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alwi F, Setiawan A (2018) Quality of life of persons with permanent colostomy: a phenomenological study. J Coloproctology 38:295\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcol.2018.06.001","journal-title":"J Coloproctology"},{"key":"3267_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000000545","volume":"59","author":"F Herrle","year":"2016","unstructured":"Herrle F, Sandra-Petrescu F, Weiss C et\u00a0al (2016) Quality of life and timing of stoma closure in patients with rectal cancer undergoing low anterior resection with diverting stoma: a multicenter longitudinal observational study. Dis Colon Rectum 59:281\u2013290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/DCR.0000000000000545","journal-title":"Dis Colon Rectum"},{"key":"3267_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.11092","volume":"106","author":"C Keane","year":"2019","unstructured":"Keane C, Park J, \u00d6berg S et\u00a0al (2019) Functional outcomes from a randomized trial of early closure of temporary ileostomy after rectal excision for cancer. Br J Surg 106:645\u2013652. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bjs.11092","journal-title":"Br J Surg"},{"key":"3267_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1318.2009.01815.x","volume":"12","author":"GG David","year":"2010","unstructured":"David GG, Slavin JP, Willmott S et\u00a0al (2010) Loop ileostomy following anterior resection: is it really temporary? Colorectal Dis 12:428\u2013432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1463-1318.2009.01815.x","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"3267_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqac175","volume":"116","author":"B Seethaler","year":"2022","unstructured":"Seethaler B, Nguyen NK, Basrai M et\u00a0al (2022) Short-chain fatty acids are key mediators of the favorable effects of the Mediterranean diet on intestinal barrier integrity: data from the randomized controlled LIBRE trial. Am J Clin Nutr 116:928\u2013942. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/nqac175","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"3267_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-021-02436-5","volume":"25","author":"I Vogel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vogel I, Reeves N, Tanis PJ et\u00a0al (2021) Impact of a defunctioning ileostomy and time to stoma closure on bowel function after low anterior resection for rectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Tech Coloproctology 25:751\u2013760. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10151-021-02436-5","journal-title":"Tech Coloproctology"}],"container-title":["Techniques in Coloproctology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10151-025-03267-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10151-025-03267-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10151-025-03267-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T09:37:42Z","timestamp":1769679462000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10151-025-03267-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3267"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10151-025-03267-4","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-5982369\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1123-6337","1128-045X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1123-6337","type":"print"},{"value":"1128-045X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study has been approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University (PJ 2023-13-34).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"All authors approve the submission.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Formal informed consent was waived by the Ethics Committee of The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University due to the retrospective nature of this study.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}],"article-number":"29"}}