{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T10:47:26Z","timestamp":1776682046798,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,23]],"date-time":"2016-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1479859200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Exp Nephrol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-016-1358-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,23]],"date-time":"2016-11-23T03:43:41Z","timestamp":1479872621000},"page":"541-551","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["C3 glomerulopathy and current dilemmas"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Naoko","family":"Ito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryuji","family":"Ohashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7360-5524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michio","family":"Nagata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"1358_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2010.85","volume":"6","author":"F Fakhouri","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fakhouri F, Fremeaux-Bacchi V, Noel LH, Cook HT, Pickering MC. C3 glomerulopathy: a new classification. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2010;6:494\u20139.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol."},{"key":"1358_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfu317","volume":"31","author":"TD Barbour","year":"2016","unstructured":"Barbour TD, Ruseva MM, Pickering MC. Update on C3 glomerulopathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2016;31:717\u201325.","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"1358_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.07110810","volume":"6","author":"S Sethi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sethi S, Fervenza FC, Zhang Y, Nasr SH, Leung N, Vrana J, et al. Proliferative glomerulonephritis secondary to dysfunction of the alternative pathway of complement. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6:1009\u201317.","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"key":"1358_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2013.08.002","volume":"33","author":"TD Barbour","year":"2013","unstructured":"Barbour TD, Pickering MC, Terence Cook H. Dense deposit disease and C3 glomerulopathy. Semin Nephrol. 2013;33:493\u2013507.","journal-title":"Semin Nephrol"},{"key":"1358_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-4065.134089","volume":"24","author":"S Thomas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Thomas S, Ranganathan D, Francis L, Madhan K, John GT. Current concepts in C3 glomerulopathy. Indian J Nephrol. 2014;24:339\u201348.","journal-title":"Indian J Nephrol."},{"key":"1358_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2013.377","volume":"84","author":"MC Pickering","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pickering MC, D\u2019Agati VD, Nester CM, Smith RJ, Haas M, Appel GB, et al. C3 glomerulopathy: consensus report. Kidney Int. 2013;84:1079\u201389.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"1358_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2014.217","volume":"11","author":"HT Cook","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cook HT, Pickering MC. Histopathology of MPGN and C3 glomerulopathies. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2015;11:14\u201322.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol."},{"key":"1358_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2013.11.019","volume":"63","author":"S Sethi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sethi S. Etiology-based diagnostic approach to proliferative glomerulonephritis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2014;63:561\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"1358_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.384","volume":"83","author":"S Sethi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sethi S, Fervenza FC, Zhang Y, Zand L, Meyer NC, Borsa N, et al. Atypical postinfectious glomerulonephritis is associated with abnormalities in the alternative pathway of complement. Kidney Int. 2013;83:293\u20139.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"1358_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2015.313","volume":"88","author":"S Sethi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sethi S, Fervenza FC, Smith RJ, Haas M. Overlap of ultrastructural findings in C3 glomerulonephritis and dense deposit disease. Kidney Int. 2015;88:1449\u201350.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"1358_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.4.5726.7","volume":"4","author":"JS Cameron","year":"1970","unstructured":"Cameron JS, Glasgow EF, Ogg CS, White RH. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and persistent hypocomplementaemia. Br Med J. 1970;4:7\u201314.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"1358_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1976.1","volume":"9","author":"CD West","year":"1976","unstructured":"West CD. Pathogenesis and approaches to therapy of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int. 1976;9:1\u20137.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"1358_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1975.32","volume":"7","author":"R Habib","year":"1975","unstructured":"Habib R, Gubler MC, Loirat C, Maiz HB, Levy M. Dense deposit disease: a variant of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int. 1975;7:204\u201315.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"1358_CR14","first-page":"459","volume":"23","author":"PM Burkholder","year":"1970","unstructured":"Burkholder PM, Marchand A, Krueger RP. Mixed membranous and proliferative glomerulonephritis. A correlative light, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopic study. Lab Invest. 1970;23:459\u201379.","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"1358_CR15","first-page":"65","volume":"7","author":"CF Strife","year":"1977","unstructured":"Strife CF, McEnery PT, McAdams AJ, West CD. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis with disruption of the glomerular basement membrane. Clin Nephrol. 1977;7:65\u201372.","journal-title":"Clin Nephrol"},{"key":"1358_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00433081","volume":"376","author":"D Anders","year":"1977","unstructured":"Anders D, Agricola B, Sippel M, Thoenes W. Basement membrane changes in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. II. Characterization of a third type by silver impregnation of ultra thin sections. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histol. 1977;376:1\u201319.","journal-title":"Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histol."},{"key":"1358_CR17","first-page":"194","volume":"1","author":"R Habib","year":"1973","unstructured":"Habib R, Kleinknecht C, Gubler MC, Levy M. Idiopathic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in children. Report of 105 cases. Clin Nephrol. 1973;1:194\u2013214.","journal-title":"Clin Nephrol"},{"key":"1358_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1984.71","volume":"25","author":"RK Sibley","year":"1984","unstructured":"Sibley RK, Kim Y. Dense intramembranous deposit disease: new pathologic features. Kidney Int. 1984;25:660\u201370.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"1358_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3800773","volume":"20","author":"PD Walker","year":"2007","unstructured":"Walker PD, Ferrario F, Joh K, Bonsib SM. Dense deposit disease is not a membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Mod Pathol. 2007;20:605\u201316.","journal-title":"Mod Pathol"},{"key":"1358_CR20","first-page":"552","volume":"43","author":"K Joh","year":"1993","unstructured":"Joh K, Aizawa S, Matsuyama N, Yamaguchi Y, Kitajima T, Sakai O, et al. Morphologic variations of dense deposit disease: light and electron microscopic, immunohistochemical and clinical findings in 10 patients. Acta Pathol Jpn. 1993;43:552\u201365.","journal-title":"Acta Pathol Jpn."},{"key":"1358_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2013.340","volume":"85","author":"J Hou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hou J, Markowitz GS, Bomback AS, Appel GB, Herlitz LC, Barry Stokes M, et al. Toward a working definition of C3 glomerulopathy by immunofluorescence. Kidney Int. 2014;85:450\u20136.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"1358_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1923","volume":"11","author":"D Ricklin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ricklin D, Hajishengallis G, Yang K, Lambris JD. Complement: a key system for immune surveillance and homeostasis. Nat Immunol. 2010;11:785\u201397.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"1358_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2014.06.035","volume":"65","author":"JM Thurman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Thurman JM. Complement in kidney disease: core curriculum 2015. Am J Kidney Dis. 2015;65:156\u201368.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"1358_CR24","first-page":"2351","volume":"71","author":"J Berger","year":"1963","unstructured":"Berger J, Galle P. Dense Deposits within the Basal Membranes of the Kidney. Optical and Electron Microscopic Study. Presse Med. 1963;71:2351\u20134.","journal-title":"Presse Med"},{"key":"1358_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(75)90631-2","volume":"58","author":"P Galle","year":"1975","unstructured":"Galle P, Mahieu P. Electron dense alteration of kidney basement membranes. A renal lesion specific of a systemic disease. Am J Med. 1975;58:749\u201364.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"1358_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2005010078","volume":"16","author":"GB Appel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Appel GB, Cook HT, Hageman G, Jennette JC, Kashgarian M, Kirschfink M, et al. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type II (dense deposit disease): an update. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005;16:1392\u2013403.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"1358_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2001.142","volume":"15","author":"RF Mullins","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mullins RF, Aptsiauri N, Hageman GS. Structure and composition of drusen associated with glomerulonephritis: implications for the role of complement activation in drusen biogenesis. Eye (Lond). 2001;15:390\u20135.","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)."},{"key":"1358_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/12.9.1804","volume":"12","author":"PW Mathieson","year":"1997","unstructured":"Mathieson PW, Peters DK. Lipodystrophy in MCGN type II: the clue to links between the adipocyte and the complement system. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1997;12:1804\u20136.","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"1358_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1126\/science.164.3878.436","volume":"164","author":"RE Spitzer","year":"1969","unstructured":"Spitzer RE, Vallota EH, Forristal J, Sudora E, Stitzel A, Davis NC, et al. Serum C\u20193 lytic system in patients with glomerulonephritis. Science. 1969;164:436\u20137.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"1358_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2012.213","volume":"8","author":"AS Bomback","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bomback AS, Appel GB. Pathogenesis of the C3 glomerulopathies and reclassification of MPGN. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2012;8:634\u201342.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol."},{"key":"1358_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2008.657","volume":"75","author":"S Sethi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sethi S, Gamez JD, Vrana JA, Theis JD, Bergen HR 3rd, Zipfel PF, et al. Glomeruli of Dense Deposit Disease contain components of the alternative and terminal complement pathway. Kidney Int. 2009;75:952\u201360.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"1358_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.63","volume":"82","author":"A Servais","year":"2012","unstructured":"Servais A, Noel LH, Roumenina LT, Le Quintrec M, Ngo S, Dragon-Durey MA, et al. Acquired and genetic complement abnormalities play a critical role in dense deposit disease and other C3 glomerulopathies. Kidney Int. 2012;82:454\u201364.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"1358_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.2006.045328","volume":"44","author":"A Servais","year":"2007","unstructured":"Servais A, Fremeaux-Bacchi V, Lequintrec M, Salomon R, Blouin J, Knebelmann B, et al. Primary glomerulonephritis with isolated C3 deposits: a new entity which shares common genetic risk factors with haemolytic uraemic syndrome. J Med Genet. 2007;44:193\u20139.","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"key":"1358_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60670-8","volume":"376","author":"DP Gale","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gale DP, de Jorge EG, Cook HT, Martinez-Barricarte R, Hadjisavvas A, McLean AG, et al. Identification of a mutation in complement factor H-related protein 5 in patients of Cypriot origin with glomerulonephritis. Lancet. 2010;376:794\u2013801.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1358_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.09541010","volume":"6","author":"Y Athanasiou","year":"2011","unstructured":"Athanasiou Y, Voskarides K, Gale DP, Damianou L, Patsias C, Zavros M, et al. Familial C3 glomerulopathy associated with CFHR5 mutations: clinical characteristics of 91 patients in 16 pedigrees. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6:1436\u201346.","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"key":"1358_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3702","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI43343","volume":"120","author":"R Mart\u00ednez-Barricarte","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Barricarte R, Heurich M, Valdes-Ca\u00f1edo F, Vazquez-Martul E, Torreira E, Montes T, et al. Human C3 mutation reveals a mechanism of dense deposit disease pathogenesis and provides insights into complement activation and regulation. J Clin Invest. 2010;120:3702\u201312.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"1358_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfv054","volume":"30","author":"H Imamura","year":"2015","unstructured":"Imamura H, Konomoto T, Tanaka E, Hisano S, Yoshida Y, Fujimura Y, et al. Familial C3 glomerulonephritis associated with mutations in the gene for complement factor B. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2015;30:862\u20134.","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"1358_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2015.03.012","volume":"67","author":"PF Zipfel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zipfel PF, Skerka C, Chen Q, Wiech T, Goodship T, Johnson S, et al. The role of complement in C3 glomerulopathy. Mol Immunol. 2015;67:21\u201330.","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"1358_CR39","first-page":"1747","volume":"9","author":"V Fremeaux-Bacchi","year":"1994","unstructured":"Fremeaux-Bacchi V, Weiss L, Demouchy C, May A, Palomera S, Kazatchkine MD. Hypocomplementaemia of poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis is associated with C3 nephritic factor (C3NeF) IgG autoantibody activity. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1994;9:1747\u201350.","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"1358_CR40","first-page":"253","volume":"54","author":"AT Gewurz","year":"1983","unstructured":"Gewurz AT, Imherr SM, Strauss S, Gewurz H, Mold C. C3 nephritic factor and hypocomplementaemia in a clinically healthy individual. Clin Exp Immunol. 1983;54:253\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"1358_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2013.08.002","volume":"88","author":"S Sethi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sethi S, Rajkumar SV. Monoclonal gammopathy-associated proliferative glomerulonephritis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2013;88:1284\u201393.","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"1358_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2013.02.370","volume":"62","author":"L Zand","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zand L, Kattah A, Fervenza FC, Smith RJ, Nasr SH, Zhang Y, et al. C3 glomerulonephritis associated with monoclonal gammopathy: a case series. Am J Kidney Dis. 2013;62:506\u201314.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"1358_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2010.06.021","volume":"56","author":"S Sethi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sethi S, Sukov WR, Zhang Y, Fervenza FC, Lager DJ, Miller DV, et al. Dense deposit disease associated with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. Am J Kidney Dis. 2010;56:977\u201382.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"1358_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.06180710","volume":"6","author":"F Bridoux","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bridoux F, Desport E, Fremeaux-Bacchi V, Chong CF, Gombert JM, Lacombe C, et al. Glomerulonephritis with isolated C3 deposits and monoclonal gammopathy: a fortuitous association? Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6:2165\u201374.","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"key":"1358_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1876","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01820214","volume":"9","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Nester CM, Martin B, Skjoedt MO, Meyer NC, Shao D, et al. Defining the complement biomarker profile of C3 glomerulopathy. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;9:1876\u201382.","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"key":"1358_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.04700513","volume":"9","author":"NR Medjeral-Thomas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Medjeral-Thomas NR, O\u2019Shaughnessy MM, O\u2019Regan JA, Traynor C, Flanagan M, Wong L, et al. C3 glomerulopathy: clinicopathologic features and predictors of outcome. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;9:46\u201353.","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"key":"1358_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2015.12.003","volume":"89","author":"A Angioi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Angioi A, Fervenza FC, Sethi S, Zhang Y, Smith RJ, Murray D, et al. Diagnosis of complement alternative pathway disorders. Kidney Int. 2016;89:278\u201388.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"1358_CR48","first-page":"1356","volume":"143","author":"JH Jansen","year":"1993","unstructured":"Jansen JH, Hogasen K, Mollnes TE. Extensive complement activation in hereditary porcine membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type II (porcine dense deposit disease). Am J Pathol. 1993;143:1356\u201365.","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"1358_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117751","volume":"95","author":"K Hogasen","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hogasen K, Jansen JH, Mollnes TE, Hovdenes J, Harboe M. Hereditary porcine membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type II is caused by factor H deficiency. J Clin Invest. 1995;95:1054\u201361.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest."},{"key":"1358_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1038\/ng912","volume":"31","author":"MC Pickering","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pickering MC, Cook HT, Warren J, Bygrave AE, Moss J, Walport MJ, et al. Uncontrolled C3 activation causes membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in mice deficient in complement factor H. Nat Genet. 2002;31:424\u20138.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"1358_CR51","first-page":"67","volume":"103","author":"J Churg","year":"1979","unstructured":"Churg J, Duffy JL, Bernstein J. Identification of dense deposit disease: a report for the International Study of Kidney Diseases in Children. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 1979;103:67\u201372.","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"1358_CR52","first-page":"341","volume-title":"Heptinstall\u2019s Pathology of the Kidney","author":"JC Jennette","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jennette JC, Olson JL, Silva FG, D\u2019Agati VD. Heptinstall\u2019s Pathology of the Kidney. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer; 2015. p. 341\u2013436.","edition":"7"},{"key":"1358_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(83)90606-X","volume":"74","author":"JS Cameron","year":"1983","unstructured":"Cameron JS, Turner DR, Heaton J, Williams DG, Ogg CS, Chantler C, et al. Idiopathic mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis. Comparison of types I and II in children and adults and long-term prognosis. Am J Med. 1983;74:175\u201392.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"1358_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03480708","volume":"4","author":"SH Nasr","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nasr SH, Valeri AM, Appel GB, Sherwinter J, Stokes MB, Said SM, et al. Dense deposit disease: clinicopathologic study of 32 pediatric and adult patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;4:22\u201332.","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"key":"1358_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.07900811","volume":"7","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Meyer NC, Wang K, Nishimura C, Frees K, Jones M, et al. Causes of alternative pathway dysregulation in dense deposit disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;7:265\u201374.","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"key":"1358_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-011-2059-7","volume":"27","author":"DF Lu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lu DF, Moon M, Lanning LD, McCarthy AM, Smith RJ. Clinical features and outcomes of 98 children and adults with dense deposit disease. Pediatr Nephrol. 2012;27:773\u201381.","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"1358_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.212","volume":"82","author":"S Sethi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sethi S, Fervenza FC, Zhang Y, Zand L, Vrana JA, Nasr SH, et al. C3 glomerulonephritis: clinicopathological findings, complement abnormalities, glomerular proteomic profile, treatment, and follow-up. Kidney Int. 2012;82:465\u201373.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"1358_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2009.44","volume":"5","author":"T Kanjanabuch","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kanjanabuch T, Kittikowit W, Eiam-Ong S. An update on acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis worldwide. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2009;5:259\u201369.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol."},{"key":"1358_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1097\/md.0b013e318161b0fc","volume":"87","author":"SH Nasr","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nasr SH, Markowitz GS, Stokes MB, Said SM, Valeri AM, D\u2019Agati VD. Acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis in the modern era: experience with 86 adults and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 2008;87:21\u201332.","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)."},{"key":"1358_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-199503000-00001","volume":"74","author":"JJ Montseny","year":"1995","unstructured":"Montseny JJ, Meyrier A, Kleinknecht D, Callard P. The current spectrum of infectious glomerulonephritis. Experience with 76 patients and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 1995;74:63\u201373.","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"1358_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/17.7.1204","volume":"17","author":"G Moroni","year":"2002","unstructured":"Moroni G, Pozzi C, Quaglini S, Segagni S, Banfi G, Baroli A, et al. Long-term prognosis of diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis associated with infection in adults. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002;17:1204\u201311.","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"1358_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(70)90095-1","volume":"48","author":"AJ Fish","year":"1970","unstructured":"Fish AJ, Herdman RC, Michael AF, Pickering RJ, Good RA. Epidemic acute glomerulonephritis associated with type 49 streptococcal pyoderma. II. Correlative study of light, immunofluorescent and electron microscopic findings. Am J Med. 1970;48:28\u201339.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"1358_CR63","first-page":"117","volume":"81","author":"PB Herdson","year":"1966","unstructured":"Herdson PB, Jennings RB, Earle DP. Glomerular fine structure in poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis. Arch Pathol. 1966;81:117\u201328.","journal-title":"Arch Pathol."},{"key":"1358_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2852","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2014040406","volume":"26","author":"S Sethi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sethi S, Nasr SH, De Vriese AS, Fervenza FC. C4d as a Diagnostic Tool in Proliferative GN. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;26:2852\u20139.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"1358_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-010-1479-0","volume":"25","author":"K Suga","year":"2010","unstructured":"Suga K, Kondo S, Matsuura S, Kinoshita Y, Kitano E, Hatanaka M, et al. A case of dense deposit disease associated with a group A streptococcal infection without the involvement of C3NeF or complement factor H deficiency. Pediatr Nephrol. 2010;25:1547\u201350.","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"1358_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2012.02.329","volume":"60","author":"KA Vernon","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vernon KA, Goicoechea de Jorge E, Hall AE, Fremeaux-Bacchi V, Aitman TJ, Cook HT, et al. Acute presentation and persistent glomerulonephritis following streptococcal infection in a patient with heterozygous complement factor H-related protein 5 deficiency. Am J Kidney Dis. 2012;60:121\u20135.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"1358_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2012.04.032","volume":"60","author":"G Sandhu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sandhu G, Bansal A, Ranade A, Jones J, Cortell S, Markowitz GS. C3 glomerulopathy masquerading as acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2012;60:1039\u201343.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"1358_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-013-2245-7","volume":"173","author":"J Prasto","year":"2014","unstructured":"Prasto J, Kaplan BS, Russo P, Chan E, Smith RJ, Meyers KE. Streptococcal infection as possible trigger for dense deposit disease (C3 glomerulopathy). Eur J Pediatr. 2014;173:767\u201372.","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"1358_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.5414\/CNP71703","volume":"71","author":"E Sawanobori","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sawanobori E, Umino A, Kanai H, Matsushita K, Iwasa S, Kitamura H, et al. A prolonged course of Group A streptococcus-associated nephritis: a mild case of dense deposit disease (DDD)? Clin Nephrol. 2009;71:703\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin Nephrol"},{"key":"1358_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-011-0570-6","volume":"16","author":"M Okabe","year":"2012","unstructured":"Okabe M, Tsuboi N, Yokoo T, Miyazaki Y, Utsunomiya Y, Hosoya T. A case of idiopathic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis with a transient glomerular deposition of nephritis-associated plasmin receptor antigen. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2012;16:337\u201341.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Nephrol."},{"key":"1358_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1827.2006.01931.x","volume":"56","author":"K Aita","year":"2006","unstructured":"Aita K, Ito S, Tanabe K, Toma H, Yamaguchi Y, Nagata M. Early recurrence of dense deposit disease with marked endocapillary proliferation after renal transplantation. Pathol Int. 2006;56:101\u20139.","journal-title":"Pathol Int"},{"key":"1358_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/14.7.1723","volume":"14","author":"MB Andresdottir","year":"1999","unstructured":"Andresdottir MB, Assmann KJ, Hoitsma AJ, Koene RA, Wetzels JF. Renal transplantation in patients with dense deposit disease: morphological characteristics of recurrent disease and clinical outcome. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1999;14:1723\u201331.","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"1358_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00866289","volume":"6","author":"P Tarshish","year":"1992","unstructured":"Tarshish P, Bernstein J, Tobin JN, Edelmann CM Jr. Treatment of mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis with alternate-day prednisone\u2013a report of the International Study of Kidney Disease in Children. Pediatr Nephrol. 1992;6:123\u201330.","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"1358_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(89)80143-X","volume":"14","author":"JV Donadio Jr","year":"1989","unstructured":"Donadio JV Jr, Offord KP. Reassessment of treatment results in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, with emphasis on life-table analysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 1989;14:445\u201351.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1358_CR75","first-page":"4","volume":"75","author":"RT Krmar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Krmar RT, Holtback U, Linne T, Berg UB, Celsi G, Soderberg MP, et al. Acute renal failure in dense deposit disease: complete recovery after combination therapy with immunosuppressant and plasma exchange. Clin Nephrol. 2011;75(Suppl 1):4\u201310.","journal-title":"Clin Nephrol"},{"key":"1358_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(00)70211-3","volume":"35","author":"YH Lien","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lien YH, Scott K. Long-term cyclophosphamide treatment for recurrent type I membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis after transplantation. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;35:539\u201343.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"1358_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2015.227","volume":"88","author":"C Rabasco","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rabasco C, Cavero T, Roman E, Rojas-Rivera J, Olea T, Espinosa M, et al. Effectiveness of mycophenolate mofetil in C3 glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int. 2015;88:1153\u201360.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"1358_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.5414\/CN107945","volume":"83","author":"P Giaime","year":"2015","unstructured":"Giaime P, Daniel L, Burtey S. Remission of C3 glomerulopathy with rituximab as only immunosuppressive therapy. Clin Nephrol. 2015;83:57\u201360.","journal-title":"Clin Nephrol"},{"key":"1358_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-013-2711-5","volume":"29","author":"C Rousset-Rouviere","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rousset-Rouviere C, Cailliez M, Garaix F, Bruno D, Laurent D, Tsimaratos M. Rituximab fails where eculizumab restores renal function in C3nef-related DDD. Pediatr Nephrol. 2014;29:1107\u201311.","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"1358_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-015-3111-9","volume":"30","author":"K Haffner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Haffner K, Michelfelder S, Pohl M. Successful therapy of C3Nef-positive C3 glomerulopathy with plasma therapy and immunosuppression. Pediatr Nephrol. 2015;30:1951\u20139.","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"1358_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1002\/jca.10026","volume":"17","author":"KA Kurtz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kurtz KA, Schlueter AJ. Management of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type II with plasmapheresis. J Clin Apher. 2002;17:135\u20137.","journal-title":"J Clin Apher."},{"key":"1358_CR82","first-page":"418","volume":"20","author":"OR Oberkircher","year":"1988","unstructured":"Oberkircher OR, Enama M, West JC, Campbell P, Moran J. Regression of recurrent membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type II in a transplanted kidney after plasmapheresis therapy. Transplant Proc. 1988;20:418\u201323.","journal-title":"Transplant Proc."},{"key":"1358_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1159\/000183504","volume":"40","author":"E McGinley","year":"1985","unstructured":"McGinley E, Watkins R, McLay A, Boulton-Jones JM. Plasma exchange in the treatment of mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis. Nephron. 1985;40:385\u201390.","journal-title":"Nephron."},{"key":"1358_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2012.214","volume":"8","author":"J Zuber","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zuber J, Fakhouri F, Roumenina LT, Loirat C, Fremeaux-Bacchi V. Use of eculizumab for atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome and C3 glomerulopathies. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2012;8:643\u201357.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol."},{"key":"1358_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01360215","volume":"10","author":"MJ Oosterveld","year":"2015","unstructured":"Oosterveld MJ, Garrelfs MR, Hoppe B, Florquin S, Roelofs JJ, van den Heuvel LP, et al. Eculizumab in pediatric dense deposit disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;10:1773\u201382.","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"key":"1358_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2014.09.025","volume":"65","author":"M Quintrec Le","year":"2015","unstructured":"Le Quintrec M, Lionet A, Kandel C, Bourdon F, Gnemmi V, Colombat M, et al. Eculizumab for treatment of rapidly progressive C3 glomerulopathy. Am J Kidney Dis. 2015;65:484\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"1358_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2011121186","volume":"23","author":"LC Herlitz","year":"2012","unstructured":"Herlitz LC, Bomback AS, Markowitz GS, Stokes MB, Smith RN, Colvin RB, et al. Pathology after eculizumab in dense deposit disease and C3 GN. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;23:1229\u201337.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"1358_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.12901211","volume":"7","author":"AS Bomback","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bomback AS, Smith RJ, Barile GR, Zhang Y, Heher EC, Herlitz L, et al. Eculizumab for dense deposit disease and C3 glomerulonephritis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;7:748\u201356.","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-017-1479-5","type":"erratum","label":"Erratum","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,20]],"date-time":"2017-10-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1508457600000}}],"container-title":["Clinical and Experimental Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10157-016-1358-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10157-016-1358-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10157-016-1358-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,15]],"date-time":"2019-09-15T18:00:18Z","timestamp":1568570418000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10157-016-1358-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,23]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]}},"alternative-id":["1358"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10157-016-1358-5","relation":{"erratum":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1007\/s10157-017-1479-5","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1342-1751","1437-7799"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1342-1751","type":"print"},{"value":"1437-7799","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,23]]}}}