{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T15:02:34Z","timestamp":1792854154088,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,31]],"date-time":"2020-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580428800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,31]],"date-time":"2020-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580428800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Exp Nephrol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>School urinary screening has been performed in Japan.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ikeda City and Toyono Town introduced, in 2012 and 2013, urinary protein\/creatinine (Cr) ratio measurement into the urine-screening protocols designed for students aged between 4 and 15\u00a0years. For each student whose urinary protein\/Cr ratio was\u2009\u2265\u20090.15\u00a0g\/gCr (positive case), an appointment was made with a specialist at Ikeda City Hospital. The results of these screening urinalyses conducted through 2018 are summarized.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>14,606 junior high and elementary school students aged between 6 and 15\u00a0years were included. On average, they underwent 4.16 screening tests. 77 positive cases were detected, and seven students were diagnosed with high-risk chronic kidney disease (CKD). Of these, four underwent renal biopsy, and two, one, and one were diagnosed with IgA nephropathy, MPGN, and FSGS, respectively. In three students, detection of CKD would have been difficult without urinary screening. Incident rates of high-risk CKD and IgA nephropathy are estimated as 11.5 and 3.3 cases\/100,000 students\/year. 78.0% of positive cases without high-risk CKD showed no urinary abnormality after one year. 2301 kindergarten students aged between 4 and 6\u00a0years received an average of 1.74 screening urinalyses; none was positive or high-risk CKD. The estimated cost of detecting one high-risk CKD student whose detection would have been difficult without this screening was 3,156,711 Japanese yen.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>School urinary screening using the urinary protein\/Cr ratio can efficiently refer to a specialist. It detects a few children with high-risk CKD early with spending high cost.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-020-01852-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,31]],"date-time":"2020-01-31T09:04:05Z","timestamp":1580461445000},"page":"450-457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Identification of children with chronic kidney disease through school urinary screening using urinary protein\/creatinine ratio measurement: an observational study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7017-4354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nobuyuki","family":"Kajiwara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuyuki","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Fujiwara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirofumi","family":"Nakayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshikazu","family":"Ozaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1852_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s41100-018-0183-6","volume":"4","author":"I Masakane","year":"2018","unstructured":"Masakane I, Taniguchi M, Nakai S, Tsuchida K, Wada A, Ogata S, Hasegawa T, Hamano T, Hanafusa N, Hoshino J, et al. Annual dialysis data report 2016, JSDT renal data registry. Renal Replace Ther. 2018;4(1):45.","journal-title":"Renal Replace Ther."},{"issue":"6","key":"1852_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.00980207","volume":"2","author":"E Imai","year":"2007","unstructured":"Imai E, Yamagata K, Iseki K, Iso H, Horio M, Mkino H, Hishida A, Matsuo S. Kidney disease screening program in Japan: history, outcome, and perspectives. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;2(6):1360\u20136.","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"issue":"5","key":"1852_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-200X.2007.02426.x","volume":"49","author":"T Yanagihara","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yanagihara T, Kuroda N, Hayakawa M, Yoshida J, Tsuchiya M, Yamauchi K, Murakami M, Fukunaga Y. Epidemiology of school urinary screening over a 30 year period in Tokyo. Pediatr Int. 2007;49(5):570\u20136.","journal-title":"Pediatr Int."},{"issue":"2","key":"1852_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-012-0672-9","volume":"17","author":"B-S Cho","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cho B-S, Hahn W-H, Cheong HI, Lim I, Ko CW, Kim S-Y, Lee D-Y, Ha T-S, Suh J-S. A nationwide study of mass urine screening tests on Korean school children and implications for chronic kidney disease management. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2013;17(2):205\u201310.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Nephrol."},{"issue":"3","key":"1852_CR5","first-page":"134","volume":"42","author":"C-Y Lin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lin C-Y, Sheng C-C, Lin C-C, Chen C-H, Chou P. Mass urinary screening and follow-up for school children in Taiwan Province. Acta paediatrica Taiwanica Taiwan er ke yi xue hui za zhi. 2001;42(3):134\u201340.","journal-title":"Acta paediatrica Taiwanica Taiwan er ke yi xue hui za zhi"},{"issue":"4","key":"1852_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-1980","volume":"125","author":"DL Sekhar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sekhar DL, Wang L, Hollenbeak CS, Widome MD, Paul IM. A cost-effectiveness analysis of screening urine dipsticks in well-child care. Pediatrics. 2010;125(4):660\u20133.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"11","key":"1852_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1111\/nep.13558","volume":"24","author":"A Ashida","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ashida A, Shoji T, Honda S, Iio R, Iga C, Hayashi T, Satomura K, Tsubakihara Y. Benefits of incorporating urinary protein\/creatinine ratio measurement in a school urine screening system: the experience of restructuring the school urinary screening system in Osaka Prefecture Japan. Nephrology (Carlton). 2019;24(11):1142\u20137.","journal-title":"Nephrology (Carlton)."},{"issue":"1","key":"1852_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1447-056X-12-6","volume":"12","author":"N Kajiwara","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kajiwara N, Hayashi K, Fukui T, Yamamoto S, Senzaki K, Murakami S, Kitamura T, Ueoka T, Inoue M, Hayashi S. Restructuring the Ikeda City school urinary screening system: report of a screening survey. Asia Pac Fam Med. 2013;12(1):6.","journal-title":"Asia Pac Fam Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"1852_CR9","first-page":"6","volume":"74","author":"M Honda","year":"2015","unstructured":"Honda M. New concepts of urinary screening with 3 years old. J Child Health Shoni hoken kenkyu. 2015;74(1):6\u201311 (Japanese).","journal-title":"J Child Health Shoni hoken kenkyu"},{"issue":"6","key":"1852_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-003-1127-z","volume":"18","author":"Y Utsunomiya","year":"2003","unstructured":"Utsunomiya Y, Koda T, Kado T, Okada S, Hayashi A, Kanzaki S, Kasagi T, Hayashibara H, Okasora T. Incidence of pediatric IgA nephropathy. Pediatr Nephrol. 2003;18(6):511\u20135.","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol."},{"issue":"1","key":"1852_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-015-1129-8","volume":"20","author":"T Shibano","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shibano T, Takagi N, Maekawa K, Mae H, Hattori M, Takeshima Y, Tanizawa T. Epidemiological survey and clinical investigation of pediatric IgA nephropathy. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2016;20(1):111\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Nephrol."},{"issue":"9","key":"1852_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfs611","volume":"28","author":"K Ishikura","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ishikura K, Uemura O, Ito S, Wada N, Hattori M, Ohashi Y, Hamasaki Y, Tanaka R, Nakanishi K, Kaneko T, et al. Pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease in children: results of a nationwide survey in Japan. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2013;28(9):2345\u201355.","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant."},{"key":"1852_CR13","unstructured":"Japan Association of Kidney Disease Patients (2019) The cost for dialysis therapy. https:\/\/www.zjk.or.jp\/kidney-disease\/expense\/dialysis\/index.html. Accessed 11 June 2019 (Japanese)"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"1852_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S37","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V13suppl_1s37","volume":"13","author":"MJ Lysaght","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lysaght MJ. Maintenance dialysis population dynamics: current trends and long-term implications. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13(suppl 1):S37\u2013S40.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol."},{"issue":"5","key":"1852_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.3747\/pdi.2016.00292","volume":"37","author":"MG Koukou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Koukou MG, Smyrniotis VE, Arkadopoulos NF, Grapsa EI. PD vs HD in Post-Economic Crisis Greece\u2014differences in patient characteristics and estimation of therapy cost. Perit Dial Int. 2017;37(5):568\u201373.","journal-title":"Perit Dial Int."},{"issue":"12","key":"1852_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-006-0410-1","volume":"22","author":"BA Warady","year":"2007","unstructured":"Warady BA, Chadha V. Chronic kidney disease in children: the global perspective. Pediatr Nephrol. 2007;22(12):1999\u20132009.","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"}],"container-title":["Clinical and Experimental Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10157-020-01852-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10157-020-01852-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10157-020-01852-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]],"date-time":"2022-10-13T18:07:18Z","timestamp":1665684438000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10157-020-01852-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,31]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["1852"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10157-020-01852-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1342-1751","1437-7799"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1342-1751","type":"print"},{"value":"1437-7799","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 October 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 January 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 January 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose with regard to this article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study was an observational study without any intervention. And, this study was also approved by the ethics committee of Ikeda City Hospital (Approval number: A19001).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"School urinary screening is a legally required healthcare measure enforced by the School Health Act. Thus, the legislatures of Ikeda City and Toyono Town have independently approved the budgets for their screening tests. Written, informed consent for this study was obtained from the parent or legal guardian of each student who underwent an examination at Ikeda City Hospital.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}