{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T03:04:51Z","timestamp":1789787091227,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636329600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"japan society for the promotion of science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20K08633"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K08633"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"japan society for the promotion of science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21K16189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K16189"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"japan society for the promotion of science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21K17278"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21K17278"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Exp Nephrol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is involved in a progressive deterioration in renal function over the years and is now a global public health problem. Currently, reducing the number of patients progressing to end-stage renal failure is urgently necessary. Hypertension and CKD interact with each other, and good control of blood pressure (BP) can improve CKD patients\u2019 prognosis. With the current global trend for more strict BP control, the importance of BP management and the need for medication to achieve this strict goal are increasing. Calcium channel blockers (CCBs), which target voltage-dependent calcium channels, are frequently used in combination with renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosterone system inhibitors for CKD patients because of their strong BP-lowering properties and relatively few adverse side effects. Calcium channels have several subtypes, including L, N, T, P\/Q, and R, and three types of CCBs, L-type CCBs, L-\/T-type CCBs, and L-\/N-type CCBs, that are available. Nowadays, the new functions and effects of the CCBs are being elucidated.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We should use different types of CCBs properly depending on their pharmacological effects, such as the strength of antihypertensive effects and the organ protection effects, taking into account the pathophysiology of the patients. In this article, the role and the use of CCBs in CKD patients are reviewed.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-021-02153-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T07:03:33Z","timestamp":1636355013000},"page":"207-215","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Calcium channel blocker in patients with chronic kidney disease"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Shoko","family":"Ohno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Ishii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Motoko","family":"Yanagita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8343-9737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hideki","family":"Yokoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2153_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002343","volume":"72","author":"AS Levey","year":"2007","unstructured":"Levey AS, et al. Chronic kidney disease as a global public health problem: approaches and initiatives\u2014a position statement from Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes. Kidney Int. 2007;72(3):247\u201359.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"4 Suppl 2","key":"2153_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2007.12.016","volume":"51","author":"AT Whaley-Connell","year":"2008","unstructured":"Whaley-Connell AT, et al. CKD in the United States: Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP) and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999\u20132004. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008;51(4 Suppl 2):S13-20.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"2153_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2000.16225","volume":"36","author":"GL Bakris","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bakris GL, et al. Preserving renal function in adults with hypertension and diabetes: a consensus approach. National Kidney Foundation Hypertension and Diabetes Executive Committees Working Group. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;36(3):646\u201361.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"2153_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-139-4-200308190-00006","volume":"139","author":"TH Jafar","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jafar TH, et al. Progression of chronic kidney disease: the role of blood pressure control, proteinuria, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition: a patient-level meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2003;139(4):244\u201352.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2153_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.10924","volume":"316","author":"M Afkarian","year":"2016","unstructured":"Afkarian M, et al. Clinical manifestations of kidney disease among US adults with diabetes, 1988\u20132014. JAMA. 2016;316(6):602\u201310.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"2153_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-011-2398-8","volume":"55","author":"P Vejakama","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vejakama P, et al. Reno-protective effects of renin-angiotensin system blockade in type 2 diabetic patients: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Diabetologia. 2012;55(3):566\u201378.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2153_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41371-021-00533-4","author":"K Kario","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kario K, et al. Clinical studies on pharmacological treatment of hypertension in Japan. J Hum Hypertens. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41371-021-00533-4.","journal-title":"J Hum Hypertens"},{"issue":"3","key":"2153_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)81057-0","volume":"25","author":"EA Ertel","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ertel EA, et al. Nomenclature of voltage-gated calcium channels. Neuron. 2000;25(3):533\u20135.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2153_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cellbio.16.1.521","volume":"16","author":"WA Catterall","year":"2000","unstructured":"Catterall WA. Structure and regulation of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2000;16:521\u201355.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2153_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1080\/13543784.2016.1241764","volume":"25","author":"J Tamargo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tamargo J, Ruilope LM. Investigational calcium channel blockers for the treatment of hypertension. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2016;25(11):1295\u2013309.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Investig Drugs"},{"issue":"3S","key":"2153_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.11.003","volume":"99","author":"AK Cheung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cheung AK, Chang TI, Cushman WC, Furth SL, Hou FF, Ix JH, Knoll GA, Muntner P, Pecoits-Filho R, Sarnak MJ, Tobe SW, Tomson CRV, Mann JFE. Kidney disease: improving global outcomes blood pressure work G. KDIGO 2021 clinical practice guideline for the management of blood pressure in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2021;99(3S):S1\u201387.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"2153_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15026","volume":"75","author":"T Unger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Unger T, et al. 2020 International society of hypertension global hypertension practice guidelines. Hypertension. 2020;75(6):1334\u201357.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"22","key":"2153_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1511939","volume":"373","author":"JT Wright Jr","year":"2015","unstructured":"SPRINT Research Group, Wright JT Jr, et al. A randomized trial of intensive versus standard blood-pressure control. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(22):2103\u201316.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"2153_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-019-0284-9","volume":"42","author":"S Umemura","year":"2019","unstructured":"Umemura S, et al. The Japanese society of hypertension guidelines for the management of hypertension (JSH 2019). Hypertens Res. 2019;42(9):1235\u2013481.","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2153_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-020-00549-2","volume":"44","author":"S Hiragi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hiragi S, et al. Association between the size of healthcare facilities and the intensity of hypertension therapy: a cross-sectional comparison of prescription data from insurance claims data. Hypertens Res. 2021;44(3):337\u201347.","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"2153_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2015.10.011","volume":"67","author":"X Xie","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xie X, et al. Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors and kidney and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with CKD: a bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Am J Kidney Dis. 2016;67(5):728\u201341.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"2153_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hps038","volume":"26","author":"P Susantitaphong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Susantitaphong P, et al. Efficacy and safety of combined vs. single renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade in chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis. Am J Hypertens. 2013;26(3):424\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajh\/hps038.","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"issue":"15","key":"2153_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0801317","volume":"358","author":"S Yusuf","year":"2008","unstructured":"ONTARGET Investigators O, Yusuf S, et al. Telmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular events. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(15):1547\u201359.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"20","key":"2153_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1303154","volume":"369","author":"LF Fried","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fried LF, et al. Combined angiotensin inhibition for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(20):1892\u2013903.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"23","key":"2153_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2025845","volume":"383","author":"GL Bakris","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bakris GL, Agarwal R, Anker SD, Pitt B, Ruilope LM, Rossing P, et al. Effect of finerenone on chronic kidney disease outcomes in Type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(23):2219\u201329.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2153_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1999.tb11281.x","volume":"868","author":"DH Moreno","year":"1999","unstructured":"Moreno DH. Molecular and functional diversity of voltage-gated calcium channels. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1999;868:102\u201317.","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"2153_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.17.030194.002151","volume":"17","author":"F Hofmann","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hofmann F, Biel M, Flockerzi V. Molecular basis for Ca2+ channel diversity. Annu Rev Neurosci. 1994;17:399\u2013418.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2153_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000256155.31133.49","volume":"100","author":"K Hayashi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hayashi K, et al. Ca2+ channel subtypes and pharmacology in the kidney. Circ Res. 2007;100(3):342\u201353.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"2153_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00286","volume":"8","author":"T Godfraind","year":"2017","unstructured":"Godfraind T. Discovery and development of calcium channel blockers. Front Pharmacol. 2017;8:286.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2153_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2002.00267.x","volume":"61","author":"PL Zhao","year":"2002","unstructured":"Zhao PL, et al. Tubular and cellular localization of the cardiac L-type calcium channel in rat kidney. Kidney Int. 2002;61(4):1393\u2013406.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"2153_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F997","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.2000.279.6.F997","volume":"279","author":"D Andreasen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Andreasen D, et al. The \u03b11G-subunit of a voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel is localized in rat distal nephron and collecting duct. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2000;279(6):F997-1005.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2153_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2010.429","volume":"79","author":"CB Poulsen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Poulsen CB, et al. T-type voltage-gated calcium channels regulate the tone of mouse efferent arterioles. Kidney Int. 2011;79(4):443\u201351.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"2153_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.170845","volume":"58","author":"PB Hansen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hansen PB, et al. Functional importance of L- and P\/Q-type voltage-gated calcium channels in human renal vasculature. Hypertension. 2011;58(3):464\u201370.","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"5","key":"2153_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0000000000000184","volume":"65","author":"PB Hansen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hansen PB. New role of P\/Q-type voltage-gated calcium channels: from transmitter release to contraction of renal vasculature. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2015;65(5):406\u201311.","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2153_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e328336ade3","volume":"28","author":"YY Fan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fan YY, et al. Cilnidipine suppresses podocyte injury and proteinuria in metabolic syndrome rats: possible involvement of N-type calcium channel in podocyte. J Hypertens. 2010;28(5):1034\u201343.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"2153_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27192","DOI":"10.1038\/srep27192","volume":"6","author":"S Ohno","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ohno S, et al. Ablation of the N-type calcium channel ameliorates diabetic nephropathy with improved glycemic control and reduced blood pressure. Sci Rep. 2016;6:27192.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2153_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1291\/hypres.19.31","volume":"19","author":"K Hayashi","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hayashi K, et al. Disparate effects of calcium antagonists on renal microcirculation. Hypertens Res. 1996;19(1):31\u20136.","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"2153_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1291\/hypres.30.797","volume":"30","author":"M Ohishi","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ohishi M, et al. Renal-protective effect of T-and L-type calcium channel blockers in hypertensive patients: an Amlodipine-to-Benidipine Changeover (ABC) study. Hypertens Res. 2007;30(9):797\u2013806.","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"2153_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3283388045","volume":"28","author":"E Yamamoto","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yamamoto E, et al. Benidipine, a dihydropyridine L-type\/T-type calcium channel blocker, affords additive benefits for prevention of cardiorenal injury in hypertensive rats. J Hypertens. 2010;28(6):1321\u20139.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"2","key":"2153_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F254","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00121.2018","volume":"317","author":"AD Thuesen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thuesen AD, et al. Deficiency of T-type Ca2+ channels Cav3.1 and Cav3.2 has no effect on angiotensin II-induced hypertension but differential effect on plasma aldosterone in mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2019;317(2):F254\u201363.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2153_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-1738(02)00173-1","volume":"12","author":"Y Mori","year":"2002","unstructured":"Mori Y, et al. Ca2+ channel alpha1B subunit (CaV 2.2) knockout mouse reveals a predominant role of N-type channels in the sympathetic regulation of the circulatory system. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2002;12(6):270\u20135.","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"2153_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S52","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.09910.x","volume":"99","author":"R Marin","year":"2005","unstructured":"Marin R, et al. Systemic and glomerular hypertension and progression of chronic renal disease: the dilemma of nephrosclerosis. Kidney Int Suppl. 2005;99:S52\u20136.","journal-title":"Kidney Int Suppl"},{"issue":"7","key":"2153_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1291\/hypres.28.611","volume":"28","author":"T Wang","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wang T, Takabatake T. Effects of vasopeptidase inhibition on renal function and tubuloglomerular feedback in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertens Res. 2005;28(7):611\u20138.","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"2153_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1161\/hh1901.097126","volume":"89","author":"PB Hansen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hansen PB, et al. Differential expression of T- and L-type voltage-dependent calcium channels in renal resistance vessels. Circ Res. 2001;89(7):630\u20138.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"2153_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.87.10.896","volume":"87","author":"PB Hansen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hansen PB, Jensen BL, Andreasen D, Friis UG, Skott O. Vascular smooth muscle cells express the \u03b11A subunit of a P-\/Q-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ Channel, and It is functionally important in renal afferent arterioles. Circ Res. 2000;87(10):896\u2013902.","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2153_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1254\/jphs.12075FP","volume":"119","author":"B Lei","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lei B, Nakano D, Fujisawa Y, Liu Y, Hitomi H, Kobori H, et al. N-type calcium channel inhibition with cilnidipine elicits glomerular podocyte protection independent of sympathetic nerve inhibition. J Pharmacol Sci. 2012;119(4):359\u201367.","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"2153_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.29.933","volume":"29","author":"T Konda","year":"2006","unstructured":"Konda T, et al. Effects of L\/N-type calcium channel antagonist, cilnidipine on progressive renal injuries in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Biol Pharm Bull. 2006;29(5):933\u20137.","journal-title":"Biol Pharm Bull"},{"issue":"12","key":"2153_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2015.106","volume":"38","author":"M Abe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Abe M, Soma M. Multifunctional L\/N- and L\/T-type calcium channel blockers for kidney protection. Hypertens Res. 2015;38(12):804\u20136.","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2153_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.2174\/157340210903140415124048","volume":"9","author":"N Sugano","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sugano N, et al. Mechanistic view of renal protective action of calcium channel blockade. Curr Hypertens Rev. 2013;9(3):187\u201392.","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2153_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2010.221","volume":"34","author":"M Abe","year":"2011","unstructured":"Abe M, et al. Benidipine reduces albuminuria and plasma aldosterone in mild-to-moderate stage chronic kidney disease with albuminuria. Hypertens Res. 2011;34(2):268\u201373.","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"2153_CR46","volume":"9","author":"X Li","year":"2014","unstructured":"Li X, Yang MS. Effects of T-type calcium channel blockers on renal function and aldosterone in patients with hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(10): e109834.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"6","key":"2153_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1536\/ihj.14-034","volume":"55","author":"S Tani","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tani S, et al. Effects of the T\/L-type calcium channel blocker benidipine on albuminuria and plasma aldosterone concentration. A pilot study involving switching from L-type calcium channel blockers to benidipine. Int Heart J. 2014;55(6):519\u201325.","journal-title":"Int Heart J"},{"issue":"11","key":"2153_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1038\/hr.2010.162","volume":"33","author":"K Hayashi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hayashi K, et al. Impact of renal function on cardiovascular events in elderly hypertensive patients treated with efonidipine. Hypertens Res. 2010;33(11):1211\u201320.","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"2153_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e32833d01dd","volume":"28","author":"T Konoshita","year":"2010","unstructured":"Konoshita T, et al. A new-generation N\/L-type calcium channel blocker leads to less activation of the renin-angiotensin system compared with conventional L type calcium channel blocker. J Hypertens. 2010;28(10):2156\u201360.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"12","key":"2153_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002623","volume":"72","author":"T Fujita","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fujita T, et al. Antiproteinuric effect of the calcium channel blocker cilnidipine added to renin-angiotensin inhibition in hypertensive patients with chronic renal disease. Kidney Int. 2007;72(12):1543\u20139.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"2153_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1139\/y03-127","volume":"82","author":"MG Brunette","year":"2004","unstructured":"Brunette MG, et al. Characterization of three types of calcium channel in the luminal membrane of the distal nephron. Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2004;82(1):30\u20137.","journal-title":"Can J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2153_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002793","volume":"73","author":"N Sugano","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sugano N, et al. T-type calcium channel blockade as a therapeutic strategy against renal injury in rats with subtotal nephrectomy. Kidney Int. 2008;73(7):826\u201334.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"2153_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2001.29227","volume":"38","author":"C Baylis","year":"2001","unstructured":"Baylis C, Qiu C, Engels K. Comparison of L-type and mixed L- and T-type calcium channel blockers on kidney injury caused by deoxycorticosterone-salt hypertension in rats. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;38(6):1292\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"2153_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5323","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.081089398","volume":"98","author":"M Ino","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ino M, et al. Functional disorders of the sympathetic nervous system in mice lacking the \u03b11B subunit (Cav 22) of N-type calcium channels. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001;98(9):5323\u20138.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"issue":"1","key":"2153_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvu185","volume":"104","author":"Y Yamada","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yamada Y, et al. Inhibition of N-type Ca2+ channels ameliorates an imbalance in cardiac autonomic nerve activity and prevents lethal arrhythmias in mice with heart failure. Cardiovasc Res. 2014;104(1):183\u201393.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"2153_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223496","volume":"14","author":"K Mishima","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mishima K, et al. Attenuation of renal fibrosis after unilateral ureteral obstruction in mice lacking the N-type calcium channel. PLoS ONE. 2019;14(10): e0223496.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"6","key":"2153_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-002-0110-9","volume":"4","author":"FH Messerli","year":"2002","unstructured":"Messerli FH. Vasodilatory edema: a common side effect of antihypertensive therapy. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2002;4(6):479\u201382.","journal-title":"Curr Cardiol Rep"},{"issue":"11","key":"2153_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-7061(02)03087-X","volume":"15","author":"FH Messerli","year":"2002","unstructured":"Messerli FH, Grossman E. Pedal edema\u2013not all dihydropyridine calcium antagonists are created equal. Am J Hypertens. 2002;15(11):1019\u201320.","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"issue":"23","key":"2153_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0806182","volume":"359","author":"K Jamerson","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jamerson K, et al. Benazepril plus amlodipine or hydrochlorothiazide for hypertension in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(23):2417\u201328.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2153_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1097\/01.fjc.0000197539.12685.f5","volume":"47","author":"K Imagawa","year":"2006","unstructured":"Imagawa K, et al. Inhibitory effect of efonidipine on aldosterone synthesis and secretion in human adrenocarcinoma (H295R) cells. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2006;47(1):133\u20138.","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4835","key":"2153_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2447647","volume":"239","author":"LD Hirning","year":"1988","unstructured":"Hirning LD, et al. Dominant role of N-type Ca2+ channels in evoked release of norepinephrine from sympathetic neurons. Science (New York, NY). 1988;239(4835):57\u201361.","journal-title":"Science (New York, NY)"},{"issue":"1","key":"2153_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-5198(19)31344-7","volume":"75","author":"A Takahara","year":"1997","unstructured":"Takahara A, et al. Cilnidipine attenuates renal nerve stimulation-induced renal vasoconstriction and antinatriuresis in anesthetized dogs. Jpn J Pharmacol. 1997;75(1):27\u201332.","journal-title":"Jpn J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2153_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"p1","DOI":"10.1159\/000085713","volume":"101","author":"T Konda","year":"2005","unstructured":"Konda T, et al. The N- and L-type calcium channel blocker cilnidipine suppresses renal injury in Dahl rats fed a high-sucrose diet, an experimental model of metabolic syndrome. Nephron Physiol. 2005;101(1):p1-13.","journal-title":"Nephron Physiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2153_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1159\/000210396","volume":"30","author":"T Konda","year":"2009","unstructured":"Konda T, et al. Different effects of L\/N-type and L-type calcium channel blockers on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in SHR\/Izm. Am J Nephrol. 2009;30(2):155\u201361.","journal-title":"Am J Nephrol"}],"container-title":["Clinical and Experimental Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10157-021-02153-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10157-021-02153-1\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10157-021-02153-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]],"date-time":"2022-02-15T17:25:39Z","timestamp":1644945939000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10157-021-02153-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["2153"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10157-021-02153-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1342-1751","1437-7799"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1342-1751","type":"print"},{"value":"1437-7799","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 June 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 October 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 November 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"HY has received research grants from Daiichi-Sankyo Company, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation and Baxter, and lecture fees from Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation and AstraZeneca. MY has received grants from Astellas Pharma Inc., Kyowa Kirin Corporation, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Chugai Pharmaceutical Corporation and Baxter, and research funding from Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Boeringer Ingelheim Japan, and Boeringer Ingelheim Germany, and lecture fees from Chugai Pharmaceutical Corporation, Kyowa Kirin Corporation, and Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All animal handling and experimentation was conducted in accordance with the guidelines and with approval of the Animal Experimentation Committee of Kyoto University (MedKyo 20186).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}