{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T21:22:52Z","timestamp":1778534572875,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]],"date-time":"2023-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699920000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]],"date-time":"2023-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003478","name":"Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22FD1001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22FD1001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003478","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Exp Nephrol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The association between proteinuria, which is also an indicator of chronic kidney disease (CKD), and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity is unclear.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We selected 342 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 diagnosed via polymerase chain reaction testing between February 2020 and October 2022 and who had at least one urinalysis 14\u2013365 days before admission.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Proteinuria before admission was associated neither with oxygen administration nor developing pneumonia in multivariate analysis (odds ratio [OR] 1.03; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.44\u20132.40, p\u2009=\u20090.95 and OR 1.01; 95% CI 0.47\u20132.17, p\u2009=\u20090.98, respectively). Proteinuria on admission was associated both with oxygen administration and developing pneumonia in multivariate analysis (OR 3.29; 95% CI 1.37\u20137.88, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.01 and OR 3.81; 95% CI 1.68\u20138.62, p\u2009&lt;\u20090.01, respectively). The percentage of patients with proteinuria on admission was significantly higher than those before admission (37.4% vs. 17.8%; p\u2009&lt;\u20090.01). In the subgroup analysis, proteinuria on admission among patients with eGFR\u2009\u2265\u200960 mL\/min\/1.73 m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> was associated with both oxygen administration and developing pneumonia (OR 4.86; 95% CI 1.22\u201319.38, p\u2009=\u20090.03, OR 3.65; 95% CI 1.06\u201312.58, p\u2009=\u20090.04, respectively). In contrast, proteinuria on admission among patients with eGFR\u2009&lt;\u200960 mL\/min\/1.73 m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> was associated with developing pneumonia (OR 6.45; 95%CI 1.78\u201323.35, p\u2009=\u20090.01), not with oxygen administration (OR 3.28; 95% CI 0.92\u201311.72, p\u2009=\u20090.07).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Although underlying proteinuria before admission was not associated with COVID-19 severity, proteinuria on admission was associated with oxygen demand and developing pneumonia.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-023-02428-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]],"date-time":"2023-11-14T11:02:25Z","timestamp":1699959745000},"page":"235-244","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The relation between proteinuria and the severity of COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7383-4159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akira","family":"Fukui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kohei","family":"Takeshita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akio","family":"Nakashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yukio","family":"Maruyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nobuo","family":"Tsuboi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tokio","family":"Hoshina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Yokoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2428_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfab042","author":"S Ferlicot","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ferlicot S, Jamme M, Gaillard F, et al. The spectrum of kidney biopsies in hospitalized patients with COVID-19, acute kidney injury, and\/or proteinuria. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ndt\/gfab042.","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"7821","key":"2428_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2521-4","volume":"584","author":"EJ Williamson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Williamson EJ, Walker AJ, Bhaskaran K, et al. Factors associated with COVID-19-related death using OpenSAFELY. Nature. 2020;584(7821):430\u20136.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2428_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1966","volume":"369","author":"CM Petrilli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Petrilli CM, Jones SA, Yang J, et al. Factors associated with hospital admission and critical illness among 5279 people with coronavirus disease 2019 in New York City: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2020;369: m1966.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"6","key":"2428_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0268688","volume":"17","author":"A Sato","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sato A, Ludwig J, Howell T. A retrospective cohort study on COVID-19 at 2 los angeles hospitals: older age, low triage oxygenation, and chronic kidney disease among the top risk factors associated with in-hospital mortality. PLoS One. 2022;17(6): e0268688.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"2428_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2020.10.001","volume":"77","author":"S Akilesh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Akilesh S, Nast CC, Yamashita M, et al. Multicenter Clinicopathologic correlation of kidney biopsies performed in COVID-19 patients presenting with acute kidney injury or proteinuria. Am J Kidney Dis. 2021;77(1):82-93.e1.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"2428_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.03.005","volume":"97","author":"Y Cheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cheng Y, Luo R, Wang K, et al. Kidney disease is associated with in-hospital death in patients with COVID-19. Kidney Int. 2020;97(5):829\u201338.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"12","key":"2428_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-020-00356-5","volume":"16","author":"MK Nadim","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nadim MK, Forni LG, Mehta RL, et al. COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury: consensus report of the 25th Acute Disease Quality Initiative (ADQI) Workgroup. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2020;16(12):747\u201364.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2428_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2020030276","volume":"31","author":"G Pei","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pei G, Zhang Z, Peng J, et al. Renal involvement and early prognosis in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;31(6):1157\u201365.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2428_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-020-00875-1","volume":"34","author":"E Russo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Russo E, Esposito P, Taramasso L, et al. Kidney disease and all-cause mortality in patients with COVID-19 hospitalized in Genoa Northern Italy. J Nephrol. 2021;34(1):173\u201383.","journal-title":"J Nephrol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2428_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-022-02247-4","volume":"26","author":"H Sharma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sharma H, Behera MR, Bhadauria DS, et al. High mortality and residual kidney damage with coronavirus disease-19-associated acute kidney injury in northern India. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2022;26(11):1067\u201377.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Nephrol"},{"key":"2428_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ERA-EDTA Council, ERACODA Working Group. Chronic kidney disease is a key risk factor for severe COVID-19: a call to action by the ERA-EDTA. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2021;36(1):87\u201394","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfaa314"},{"issue":"5","key":"2428_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001674","volume":"36","author":"RJH Martens","year":"2018","unstructured":"Martens RJH, Houben AJHM, Kooman JP, et al. Microvascular endothelial dysfunction is associated with albuminuria: the Maastricht Study. J Hypertens. 2018;36(5):1178\u201387.","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"issue":"11","key":"2428_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2414","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-0718","volume":"41","author":"A Tsuda","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tsuda A, Ishimura E, Uedono H, et al. Association of albuminuria with intraglomerular hydrostatic pressure and insulin resistance in subjects with impaired fasting glucose and\/or impaired glucose tolerance. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(11):2414\u201320.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"2428_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1703","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2000.00331.x","volume":"58","author":"A Festa","year":"2000","unstructured":"Festa A, D\u2019Agostino R, Howard G, et al. Inflammation and microalbuminuria in nondiabetic and type 2 diabetic subjects: the insulin resistance atherosclerosis study. Kidney Int. 2000;58(4):1703\u201310.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"2428_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-009-0199-x","volume":"13","author":"E Imai","year":"2009","unstructured":"Imai E, Horio M, Watanabe T, et al. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the Japanese general population. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2009;13(6):621\u201330.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Nephrol"},{"issue":"11 Pt 1","key":"2428_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-7061(03)01009-4","volume":"16","author":"L Palaniappan","year":"2003","unstructured":"Palaniappan L, Carnethon M, Fortmann SP. Association between microalbuminuria and the metabolic syndrome: NHANES III. Am J Hypertens. 2003;16(11 Pt 1):952\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Hypertens"},{"issue":"10","key":"2428_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2364","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.02180311","volume":"6","author":"G Thomas","year":"2011","unstructured":"Thomas G, Sehgal AR, Kashyap SR, et al. Metabolic syndrome and kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;6(10):2364\u201373.","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2428_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfab248","volume":"37","author":"A Fukui","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fukui A, Kaneko H, Okada A, et al. Semiquantitative assessed proteinuria and risk of heart failure: analysis of a nationwide epidemiological database. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2022;37(9):1691\u20139.","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"7","key":"2428_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0968-3","volume":"26","author":"A Gupta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gupta A, Madhavan MV, Sehgal K, et al. Extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19. Nat Med. 2020;26(7):1017\u201332.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2428_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2020.04.003","volume":"98","author":"H Su","year":"2020","unstructured":"Su H, Yang M, Wan C, et al. Renal histopathological analysis of 26 postmortem findings of patients with COVID-19 in China. Kidney Int. 2020;98(1):219\u201327.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"2428_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12010039","volume":"12","author":"A Fukui","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fukui A, Takeshita K, Nakashima A, et al. Chronic kidney disease patients visiting various hospital departments: an analysis in a hospital in central Tokyo, Japan. J Pers Med. 2022;12(1):39.","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"2428_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.28008","volume":"5","author":"Y Wu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wu Y, Kang L, Guo Z, et al. Incubation period of COVID-19 caused by unique SARS-CoV-2 strains: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(8): e2228008.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"6","key":"2428_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2008.12.034","volume":"53","author":"S Matsuo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Matsuo S, Imai E, Horio M, et al. Revised equations for estimated GFR from serum creatinine in Japan. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009;53(6):982\u201392.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"2428_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfaa189","volume":"35","author":"J Portol\u00e9s","year":"2020","unstructured":"Portol\u00e9s J, Marques M, L\u00f3pez-S\u00e1nchez P, et al. Chronic kidney disease and acute kidney injury in the COVID-19 Spanish outbreak. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2020;35(8):1353\u201361.","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"2","key":"2428_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2020.09.003","volume":"77","author":"JE Flythe","year":"2021","unstructured":"Flythe JE, Assimon MM, Tugman MJ, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of individuals with pre-existing kidney disease and COVID-19 admitted to intensive care units in the United States. Am J Kidney Dis. 2021;77(2):190-203.e1.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"2428_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-022-02180-6","volume":"26","author":"E Gur","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gur E, Levy D, Topaz G, et al. Disease severity and renal outcomes of patients with chronic kidney disease infected with COVID-19. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2022;26(5):445\u201352.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Nephrol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2428_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-047007","volume":"11","author":"M Terada","year":"2021","unstructured":"Terada M, Ohtsu H, Saito S, et al. Risk factors for severity on admission and the disease progression during hospitalisation in a large cohort of patients with COVID-19 in Japan. BMJ Open. 2021;11(6): e047007.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"7","key":"2428_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06153-9","volume":"46","author":"P Gabarre","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gabarre P, Dumas G, Dupont T, et al. Acute kidney injury in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46(7):1339\u201348.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"2428_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.04780420","volume":"15","author":"X Zheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zheng X, Yang H, Li X, et al. Prevalence of kidney injury and associations with critical illness and death in patients with COVID-19. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2020;15(11):1549\u201356.","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2428_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-020-00931-w","volume":"34","author":"J Huart","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huart J, Bouquegneau A, Lutteri L, et al. Proteinuria in COVID-19: prevalence, characterization and prognostic role. J Nephrol. 2021;34(2):355\u201364.","journal-title":"J Nephrol"},{"key":"2428_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2021.611772","volume":"12","author":"H Ouahmi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ouahmi H, Courjon J, Morand L, et al. Proteinuria as a biomarker for COVID-19 severity. Front Physiol. 2021;12: 611772.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2428_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-022-02240-x","volume":"26","author":"R Sato","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sato R, Matsuzawa Y, Ogawa H, et al. Chronic kidney disease and clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19 in Japan. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2022;26(10):974\u201381.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Nephrol"},{"issue":"20","key":"2428_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6121","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11206121","volume":"11","author":"R Galiero","year":"2022","unstructured":"Galiero R, Simeon V, Loffredo G, et al. Association between renal function at admission and COVID-19 in-hospital mortality in Southern Italy: findings from the prospective multicenter Italian COVOCA study. J Clin Med. 2022;11(20):6121.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2428_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113454","volume":"153","author":"F Cei","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cei F, Chiarugi L, Brancati S, et al. Early reduction in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) predicts poor outcome in acutely ill hospitalized COVID-19 patients first admitted to medical regular wards (eGFR-COV19 study). Biomed Pharmacother. 2022;153: 113454.","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"issue":"1","key":"2428_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2020050615","volume":"32","author":"L Chan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chan L, Chaudhary K, Saha A, et al. AKI in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2021;32(1):151\u201360.","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2428_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-021-02092-x","volume":"25","author":"G Alfano","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alfano G, Ferrari A, Fontana F, et al. Incidence, risk factors and outcome of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with COVID-19. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2021;25(11):1203\u201314.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Nephrol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2428_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238680","volume":"15","author":"S Trabulus","year":"2020","unstructured":"Trabulus S, Karaca C, Balkan II, et al. Kidney function on admission predicts in-hospital mortality in COVID-19. PLoS One. 2020;15(9): e0238680.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"11","key":"2428_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-021-00452-0","volume":"17","author":"M Legrand","year":"2021","unstructured":"Legrand M, Bell S, Forni L, et al. Pathophysiology of COVID-19-associated acute kidney injury. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2021;17(11):751\u201364.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2428_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i40","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfab036","volume":"14","author":"MMB Mohamed","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mohamed MMB, Velez JCQ. Proteinuria in COVID-19. Clin Kidney J. 2021;14(Suppl 1):i40\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"issue":"7","key":"2428_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30229-0","volume":"8","author":"C Ronco","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ronco C, Reis T, Husain-Syed F. Management of acute kidney injury in patients with COVID-19. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(7):738\u201342.","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2428_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2021.07.015","volume":"100","author":"RM May","year":"2021","unstructured":"May RM, Cassol C, Hannoudi A, et al. A multi-center retrospective cohort study defines the spectrum of kidney pathology in coronavirus 2019 Disease (COVID-19). Kidney Int. 2021;100(6):1303\u201315.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"8","key":"2428_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfaa197","volume":"35","author":"B Meijers","year":"2020","unstructured":"Meijers B, Hilbrands LB. The clinical characteristics of coronavirus-associated nephropathy. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2020;35(8):1279\u201381.","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"2428_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/kisup.2012.73","volume":"3","author":"A Levin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Levin A, Stevens PE, Bilous RW, et al. Kidney disease: improving global outcomes (KDIGO) CKD work group. KDIGO 2012 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl. 2013;3:1\u2013150.","journal-title":"Kidney Int Suppl"},{"issue":"1","key":"2428_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-018-1648-1","volume":"23","author":"Japanese Society of Nephrology","year":"2019","unstructured":"Japanese Society of Nephrology. Essential points from evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease 2018. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2019;23(1):1\u201315.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Nephrol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2428_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-0529","volume":"173","author":"K Sumida","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sumida K, Nadkarni GN, Grams ME, et al. Conversion of urine protein-creatinine ratio or urine dipstick protein to urine albumin-creatinine ratio for use in chronic kidney disease screening and prognosis: an individual participant-based meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2020;173(6):426\u201335.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2428_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfw154","volume":"10","author":"P Delanaye","year":"2017","unstructured":"Delanaye P, Glassock RJ, De Broe ME. Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease: think (at least) twice! Clin Kidney J. 2017;10(3):370\u20134.","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"issue":"8","key":"2428_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-021-02049-0","volume":"25","author":"K Nagai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nagai K, Asahi K, Iseki K, et al. Estimating the prevalence of definitive chronic kidney disease in the Japanese general population. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2021;25(8):885\u201392.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Nephrol"}],"container-title":["Clinical and Experimental Nephrology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10157-023-02428-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10157-023-02428-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10157-023-02428-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]],"date-time":"2024-02-21T09:07:44Z","timestamp":1708506464000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10157-023-02428-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["2428"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10157-023-02428-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1342-1751","1437-7799"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1342-1751","type":"print"},{"value":"1437-7799","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 March 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 October 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 November 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All the authors have declared no competing interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The institutional review boards of Jikei University Hospital and affiliated hospitals and clinics, as well as the ethics council at Jikei University School of Medicine, all reviewed and approved the research protocol (Approval No.: 32\u2013051[10126]). The Declaration of Helsinki and any subsequent revisions were followed in all aspects of the study\u2019s protocols.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent from the patients was not required because the research was retrospective. Instead, each individual participant was given the choice to decline participation in this research.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}