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Accordingly, there is an increasing number of observational studies calculating the eGFR slope as an outcome or exposure of interest. To calculate the eGFR slope, linear mixed-effects models are considered statistically more efficient and therefore recommended over linear regression models constructed for each individual. Linear mixed-effects models can account for both fixed effects at the population level and random effects, which allow for subject-specific intercepts and slopes\u2014e.g. individual-specific variation from the population mean. We introduce the practical implications of linear mixed-effects models using R programming: calculating an individual\u2019s eGFR slope and comparing mean eGFR slopes between groups. This article is based on the hands-on seminar at the annual meeting of the 68th Japanese Society of Nephrology in 2025.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-026-02835-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T10:13:16Z","timestamp":1772100796000},"page":"545-558","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Review no. 2: a beginner\u2019s guide for calculating eGFR slope using linear mixed-effects model in R\u2014step-by-step methods and code examples"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Megumi","family":"Oshima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiko","family":"Gosho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masao","family":"Iwagami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuka","family":"Sugawara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hajime","family":"Nagasu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashige","family":"Kuwabara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tadashi","family":"Sofue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Nakagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2852-2946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshihisa","family":"Miyamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2835_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34067\/kid.0000000608","author":"M Iwagami","year":"2024","unstructured":"Iwagami M, Odani K, Saito T. 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