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The Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) clinical practice guidelines define AKI based on an increase in serum creatinine (SCr) levels as well as a decrease in urine volume. For clinical researchers of AKI, the ability to handle longitudinal SCr data and flag AKI status and stage in individual patients is a fundamental skill. This article provides a practical guide for identifying AKI episodes from longitudinal SCr data using R programming. The methods described in this article are based on a hands-on seminar presented at the 68th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Society of Nephrology in 2025.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-026-02856-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T09:19:54Z","timestamp":1776849594000},"page":"847-855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Review no. 3: handling of longitudinal creatinine data to define acute kidney injury"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Yoshihisa","family":"Miyamoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuka","family":"Sugawara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megumi","family":"Oshima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hajime","family":"Nagasu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashige","family":"Kuwabara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tadashi","family":"Sofue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Nakagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7079-0640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masao","family":"Iwagami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2856_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)02385-7","volume":"405","author":"M Ostermann","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ostermann M, Lumlertgul N, Jeong R, See E, Joannidis M, James M. 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