{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T15:44:40Z","timestamp":1788277480528,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004948","name":"Astellas Pharma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004948","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012351","name":"Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012351","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004095","name":"Kyowa Hakko Kirin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004095","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Exp Nephrol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Anemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with poor outcomes, including CKD progression, mortality, and cardiovascular events. Standard treatments include iron supplements and injectable erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs). Oral hypoxia-inducible factor\u2013prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors (HIF\u2013PHIs) have recently emerged as a new treatment option, providing easier accessibility for general practitioners.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This real-world descriptive study used the Japan Medical Data Survey database to analyze the prevalence of anemia, anemia treatment, and treatment type in non-dialysis patients with CKD and treated in primary care clinics. Data from 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2023 were assessed and analyzed by subgroups (year, CKD stage, patient age, treatment setting, sex, and region).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study included 397,419 patients. Anemia treatment rates increased from 16.4% (2018) to 22.7% (2023), accompanied by an increased proportion of patients with hemoglobin levels\u2009\u2265\u200911\u00a0g\/dL (78.8%\u201387.9%). From 2020, use of HIF\u2013PHIs increased and use of ESAs decreased, with HIF\u2013PHIs overtaking ESAs in 2022\u20132023. During 2022\u20132023 (N\u2009=\u2009340,398), patients with more severe CKD stages had lower hemoglobin levels and an increased prevalence of anemia (11.6% [CKD G3a]\u201373.6% [CKD G5]). Older patients tended to have lower hemoglobin values, increased anemia prevalence, more severe CKD, and increased use of HIF\u2013PHIs and ESAs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Use of HIF\u2013PHIs in primary care settings in Japan is increasing, resulting in changes to anemia treatment received by patients with CKD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-026-02873-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T05:02:59Z","timestamp":1782795779000},"page":"1292-1302","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Anemia prevalence and treatment patterns in chronic kidney disease: a nationwide observational study using a Japanese primary care database (2018\u20132023)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Tetsuhiro","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinji","family":"Asada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kohei","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9474-917X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuki","family":"Toyoshima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2873_CR1","first-page":"104","volume":"78","author":"DA Newhall","year":"2020","unstructured":"Newhall DA, Oliver R, Lugthart S. 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