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Therefore, we investigated it in a general Asian population after excluding individuals with antihypertensive medication use and accounting for loss to follow-up bias.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We analyzed data from 114 participants aged\u2009\u2265\u200950\u00a0years without a history of ischemic heart disease, stroke, or antihypertensive treatment in Ohasama town, Japan. Brain volumes were measured using magnetic resonance imaging. Multiple linear regression was performed to assess the associations between urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (UACR) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and annual symmetric percentage change (ASPC) in brain volume after adjusting for covariates. Dropout bias was adjusted using inverse probability weighting (IPW).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The mean age of participants was 66.9\u00a0years, 72.8% of whom were women, and the mean follow-up period was 4.78\u00a0years. After IPW, high UACR was associated with ASPCs in the frontal lobe (standardized regression coefficient [\u03b2]\u2009=\u2009\u2212\u20090.24, 95% confidence interval [CI]\u2009=\u2009\u2212\u20090.43 to \u2212\u20090.056,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.011), cingulate gyrus (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u2212\u20090.18, 95% CI\u2009=\u2009\u2212\u20090.35 to \u2212\u20090.0081,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.040), parahippocampal gyrus (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u2212\u20090.20, 95% CI\u2009=\u2009\u2212\u20090.38 to \u2212\u20090.026,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.025), and insula (\u03b2\u2009=\u2009\u2212\u20090.19, 95% CI\u2009=\u2009\u2212\u20090.37 to \u2212\u20090.018,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.031), and eGFR was not associated with ASPCs in any brain region. However, these associations did not remain significant after correction for multiple comparisons.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found associations between albuminuria and volume decline in the frontal lobe, cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, and insula. Albuminuria may be associated with regional brain volume decline.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-026-02927-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T11:48:47Z","timestamp":1787140127000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Longitudinal associations between albuminuria and renal function and annual brain volume changes: the Ohasama study"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Shingo","family":"Nakayama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michihiro","family":"Satoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Yamaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayana","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroki","family":"Nobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megumi","family":"Tsubota-Utsugi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukako","family":"Tatsumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahisa","family":"Murakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahito","family":"Yagihashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maya","family":"Toyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takuo","family":"Hirose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azusa","family":"Hara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takefumi","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kei","family":"Asayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoko","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Kikuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyoko","family":"Nomura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirohito","family":"Metoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takayoshi","family":"Ohkubo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2927_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8374-y","volume":"264","author":"S Schippling","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schippling S, Ostwaldt AC, Suppa P, Spies L, Manogaran P, Gocke C, et al. 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KA received research grants from A&D, Seiko Epson, Daiichi-Sankyo, Skylabs, and Taisho Pharmaceutical. KA and TO received a joint research grant from Omron Healthcare Co., Ltd. MS received a scholarship donation (Academic support program) from Bayer Yakuhin Co., Ltd. and the Kowa Life Science Foundation, which is funded by Kowa Co., Ltd., and has received honoraria (lecture fees) from AstraZeneca K.K. and Fuji Yakuhin Co., Ltd. The Division of Integrative Renal Replacement Therapy is supported by JMS Inc and Southern TOHOKU Research Institute for Neuroscience.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of Teikyo University (approval number: 16-075-8) and Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University (approval number: 2016-0-001).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from the participants for this study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Informed consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}