{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T02:24:54Z","timestamp":1770776694645,"version":"3.50.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]],"date-time":"2022-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643155200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]],"date-time":"2022-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643155200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001230","name":"Macquarie University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001230","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JARO"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cochlear implants (CIs) convey the amplitude envelope of speech by modulating high-rate pulse trains. However, not all of the envelope may be necessary to perceive amplitude modulations (AMs); the effective envelope depth may be limited by forward and backward masking from the envelope peaks. Three experiments used modulated pulse trains to measure which portions of the envelope can be effectively processed by CI users as a function of AM frequency. Experiment 1 used a three-interval forced-choice task to test the ability of CI users to discriminate less-modulated pulse trains from a fully modulated standard, without controlling for loudness. The stimuli in experiment 2 were identical, but a two-interval task was used in which participants were required to choose the less-modulated interval, ignoring loudness. Catch trials, in which judgements based on level or modulation depth would give opposing answers, were included. Experiment 3 employed novel stimuli whose modulation envelope could be modified below a variable point in the dynamic range, without changing the loudness of the stimulus. Overall, results showed that substantial portions of the envelope are not accurately encoded by CI users. In experiment 1, where loudness cues were available, participants on average were insensitive to changes in the bottom 30% of their dynamic range. In experiment 2, where loudness was controlled, participants appeared insensitive to changes in the bottom 50% of the dynamic range. In experiment 3, participants were insensitive to changes in the bottom 80% of the dynamic range. We discuss potential reasons for this insensitivity and implications for CI speech-processing strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-022-00834-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]],"date-time":"2022-01-26T16:04:43Z","timestamp":1643213083000},"page":"285-299","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Modulation Depth Discrimination by Cochlear Implant Users"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1416-4164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica J. M.","family":"Monaghan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert P.","family":"Carlyon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John M.","family":"Deeks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"834_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3109\/00206098509081545","volume":"24","author":"SP Bacon","year":"1985","unstructured":"Bacon SP, Viemeister NF (1985) Temporal modulation transfer functions in normal-hearing and hearing-impaired listeners. Audiology 24:117\u2013134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/00206098509081545","journal-title":"Audiology"},{"key":"834_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Blamey PJ, Dooley GJ (1993)\u00a0Chapter 25 Pattern recognition and masking in cochlear implant patients, in: Allum JHJ, Allum-Mecklenburg DJ, Harris FP, Probst R (Eds.), Progress in brain research, natural and artificial control of hearing and balance. Elsevier, pp. 271\u2013278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)62286-4","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)62286-4"},{"key":"834_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-015-0545-5","volume":"17","author":"J Boulet","year":"2016","unstructured":"Boulet J, White M, Bruce IC (2016) Temporal considerations for stimulating spiral ganglion neurons with cochlear implants. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 17:1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10162-015-0545-5","journal-title":"J Assoc Res Otolaryngol"},{"key":"834_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1121\/1.408212","volume":"94","author":"PA Busby","year":"1993","unstructured":"Busby PA, Tong YC, Clark GM (1993) The perception of temporal modulations by cochlear implant patients. J Acoust Soc Am 94:124\u2013131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.408212","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"834_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2885","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4934275","volume":"138","author":"RP Carlyon","year":"2015","unstructured":"Carlyon RP, Deeks JM (2015) Combined neural and behavioural measures of temporal pitch perception in cochlear implant users. J Acoust Soc Am 138:2885\u20132905. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.4934275","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"834_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1121\/1.426722","volume":"105","author":"M Chatterjee","year":"1999","unstructured":"Chatterjee M (1999) Temporal mechanisms underlying recovery from forward masking in multielectrode-implant listeners. J Acoust Soc Am 105:1853\u20131863. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.426722","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"834_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3621445","volume":"130","author":"M Chatterjee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chatterjee M, Oberzut C (2011) Detection and rate discrimination of amplitude modulation in electrical hearing. J Acoust Soc Am 130:1567\u20131580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.3621445","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"834_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"de Balthasar, C, Bo\u00ebx C, Cosendai G, Valentini G, Sigrist A, Pelizzone M (2003)\u00a0Channel interactions with high-rate biphasic electrical stimulation in cochlear implant subjects. Hear. Res., 39th Workshop on Inner Ear Biol 182:77\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0378-5955(03)00174-6","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5955(03)00174-6"},{"key":"834_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1121\/1.413378","volume":"98","author":"R Drullman","year":"1995","unstructured":"Drullman R (1995a) Speech intelligibility in noise: relative contribution of speech elements above and below the noise level. J Acoust Soc Am 98:1796\u20131798. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.413378","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"834_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1121\/1.413112","volume":"97","author":"R Drullman","year":"1995","unstructured":"Drullman R (1995b) Temporal envelope and fine structure cues for speech intelligibility. J Acoust Soc Am 97:585\u2013592. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.413112","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"834_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.3109\/00206097109072544","volume":"10","author":"LL Elliott","year":"1971","unstructured":"Elliott LL (1971) Backward and forward masking. Audiology 10:65\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/00206097109072544","journal-title":"Audiology"},{"key":"834_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1737399","volume":"116","author":"SD Ewert","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ewert SD, Dau T (2004) External and internal limitations in amplitude-modulation processing. J Acoust Soc Am 116:14","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"834_CR13","first-page":"31","volume":"46","author":"H Fleischer","year":"1980","unstructured":"Fleischer H (1980) Subjektive Gr\u00f6\u00dfe von Unterschieden im Amplituden-Modulationsgrad von Sinust\u00f6nen. Acta Acust United Acust 46:31\u201338","journal-title":"Acta Acust United Acust"},{"key":"834_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2011.11.009","volume":"283","author":"M Fraser","year":"2012","unstructured":"Fraser M, McKay CM (2012) Temporal modulation transfer functions in cochlear implantees using a method that limits overall loudness cues. Hear Res 283:59\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heares.2011.11.009","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"key":"834_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2013.10.016","volume":"222","author":"JJ Galvin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Galvin JJ, Fu Q-J, Oba S, Ba\u015fkent D (2014) A method to dynamically control unwanted loudness cues when measuring amplitude modulation detection in cochlear implant users. J Neurosci Methods 222:207\u2013212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2013.10.016","journal-title":"J Neurosci Methods"},{"key":"834_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2015.12.013","volume":"333","author":"PA Gomersall","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gomersall PA, Turner RE, Baguley DM, Deeks JM, Gockel HE, Carlyon RP (2016) Perception of stochastic envelopes by normal-hearing and cochlear-implant listeners. Hear Res 333:8\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heares.2015.12.013","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"key":"834_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2298","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1785611","volume":"116","author":"T Green","year":"2004","unstructured":"Green T, Faulkner A, Rosen S (2004) Enhancing temporal cues to voice pitch in continuous interleaved sampling cochlear implants. J Acoust Soc Am 116:2298\u20132310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.1785611","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"834_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0b013e318230fff8","volume":"33","author":"T Green","year":"2012","unstructured":"Green T, Faulkner A, Rosen S (2012) Variations in carrier pulse rate and the perception of amplitude modulation in cochlear implant users. Ear Hear 33:221\u2013230. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/AUD.0b013e318230fff8","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"key":"834_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2751","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5070150","volume":"144","author":"F Gu\u00e9rit","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gu\u00e9rit F, Marozeau J, Deeks JM, Epp B, Carlyon RP (2018) Effects of the relative timing of opposite-polarity pulses on loudness for cochlear implant listeners. J Acoust Soc Am 144:2751\u20132763. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.5070150","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"834_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-020-00767-y","volume":"21","author":"F Gu\u00e9rit","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gu\u00e9rit F, Marozeau J, Epp B, Carlyon RP (2020) Effect of the relative timing between same-polarity pulses on thresholds and loudness in cochlear implant users. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 21:497\u2013510. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10162-020-00767-y","journal-title":"J Assoc Res Otolaryngol"},{"key":"834_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu H, Ewert SD, McAlpine D, Dietz M (2017) Differences in the temporal course of interaural time difference sensitivity between acoustic and electric hearing in amplitude modulated stimuli. J Acoust Soc Am 141:1862-1873.","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4977014"},{"key":"834_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kludt E, Nogueira W, Lenarz T, Buechner A (2021) A sound coding strategy based on a temporal masking model for cochlear implants. PLoS One 16:e0244433.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244433"},{"key":"834_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1121\/1.429605","volume":"108","author":"A Kohlrausch","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kohlrausch A, Fassel R, Dau T (2000) The influence of carrier level and frequency on modulation and beat-detection thresholds for sinusoidal carriers. J Acoust Soc Am 108:723-734. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.429605","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"834_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamping W, Goehring T, Marozeau J, Carlyon RP (2020) The effect of a coding strategy that removes temporally masked pulses on speech perception by cochlear implant users. Hear Res 391:107969. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heares.2020.107969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2020.107969"},{"key":"834_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1159\/000088853","volume":"11","author":"J Laneau","year":"2006","unstructured":"Laneau J, Wouters J, Moonen M (2006) Improved music perception with explicit pitch coding in cochlear implants. Audiol Neurotol 11:38\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000088853","journal-title":"Audiol Neurotol"},{"key":"834_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3688","DOI":"10.1121\/1.418329","volume":"101","author":"J Lee","year":"1997","unstructured":"Lee J, Bacon SP (1997) Amplitude modulation depth discrimination of a sinusoidal carrier: effect of stimulus duration. J Acoust Soc Am 101:3688\u20133693. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.418329","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"834_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1037\/h0020279","volume":"74","author":"AM Liberman","year":"1967","unstructured":"Liberman AM, Cooper FS, Shankweiler DP, Studdert-Kennedy M (1967) Perception of the speech code. Psychol Rev 74:431\u2013461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/h0020279","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"834_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.3109\/00016484709123758","volume":"35","author":"E L\u00fcscher","year":"1947","unstructured":"L\u00fcscher E, Zwislocki J (1947) The decay of sensation and the remainder of adaptation after short pure-tone impulses on the ear. Acta Otolaryngol (stockh) 35:428\u2013445. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/00016484709123758","journal-title":"Acta Otolaryngol (stockh)"},{"key":"834_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-016-0614-4","volume":"18","author":"O Macherey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Macherey O, Carlyon RP, Chatron J, Roman S (2017) Effect of pulse polarity on thresholds and on non-monotonic loudness growth in cochlear implant users. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 18:513\u2013527","journal-title":"J Assoc Res Otolaryngol"},{"key":"834_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-009-0188-5","volume":"11","author":"CM McKay","year":"2010","unstructured":"McKay CM, Henshall KR (2010) Amplitude modulation and loudness in cochlear implantees. JARO J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 11:101\u2013111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10162-009-0188-5","journal-title":"JARO J Assoc Res Otolaryngol"},{"key":"834_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1558378","volume":"113","author":"CM McKay","year":"2003","unstructured":"McKay CM, Henshall KR, Farrell RJ, McDermott HJ (2003) A practical method of predicting the loudness of complex electrical stimuli. J Acoust Soc Am 113:2054\u20132063. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.1558378","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"834_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-012-0354-z","volume":"14","author":"CM McKay","year":"2013","unstructured":"McKay CM, Lim HH, Lenarz T (2013) Temporal processing in the auditory system: insights from cochlear and auditory midbrain implantees. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 14:103\u2013124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10162-012-0354-z","journal-title":"J Assoc Res Otolaryngol JARO"},{"key":"834_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1760795","volume":"116","author":"JC Middlebrooks","year":"2004","unstructured":"Middlebrooks JC (2004) Effects of cochlear-implant pulse rate and inter-channel timing on channel interactions and thresholds. J Acoust Soc Am 116:452\u2013468. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.1760795","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"834_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monaghan JJ, Seeber BU (2016) A method to enhance the use of interaural time differences for cochlear implants in reverberant environments. J Acoust Soc Am 140:1116\u20131129.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.4960572","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4960572"},{"key":"834_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2757","DOI":"10.1121\/1.426893","volume":"105","author":"BCJ Moore","year":"1999","unstructured":"Moore BCJ, Vickers DA, Baer T, Launer S (1999) Factors affecting the loudness of modulated sounds. J Acoust Soc Am 105:2757\u20132772. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.426893","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"834_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1336501","volume":"109","author":"AJ Oxenham","year":"2001","unstructured":"Oxenham AJ (2001) Forward masking: adaptation or integration? J Acoust Soc Am 109:732\u2013741","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"834_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5955(94)90014-0","volume":"80","author":"AJ Oxenham","year":"1994","unstructured":"Oxenham AJ, Moore BC (1994) Modeling the additivity of nonsimultaneous masking. Hear Res 80:105\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0378-5955(94)90014-0","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"key":"834_CR38","first-page":"348","volume":"88","author":"CJ Plack","year":"2002","unstructured":"Plack CJ, Oxenham AJ, Drga V (2002) Linear and nonlinear processes in temporal masking. Acta Acust United Acust 88:348\u2013358","journal-title":"Acta Acust United Acust"},{"key":"834_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3097","DOI":"10.1121\/1.404205","volume":"92","author":"CJ Plack","year":"1992","unstructured":"Plack CJ, Viemeister NF (1992) Intensity discrimination under backward masking. J Acoust Soc Am 92:3097\u20133101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.404205","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"834_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1918946","volume":"36","author":"R Plomp","year":"1964","unstructured":"Plomp R (1964) Rate of decay of auditory sensation. J Acoust Soc Am 36:277\u2013282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.1918946","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"834_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1121\/1.383973","volume":"67","author":"JS Puleo","year":"1980","unstructured":"Puleo JS, Pastore RE (1980) Contralateral cueing effects in backward masking. J Acoust Soc Am 67:947\u2013951. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.383973","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"834_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3074","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2932858","volume":"123","author":"LJ Raphael","year":"2008","unstructured":"Raphael LJ (2008) Syllable production rate in conversational speech. J Acoust Soc Am 123:3074\u20133074. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.2932858","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"834_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1992.0070","volume":"336","author":"S Rosen","year":"1992","unstructured":"Rosen S, Carlyon RP, Darwin CJ, Russell IJ (1992) Temporal information in speech: acoustic, auditory and linguistic aspects. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 336:367\u2013373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.1992.0070","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"834_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3907","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2357708","volume":"120","author":"C Semal","year":"2006","unstructured":"Semal C, Demany L (2006) Individual differences in the sensitivity to pitch direction. J Acoust Soc Am 120:3907\u20133915. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.2357708","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"834_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1121\/1.399777","volume":"88","author":"RV Shannon","year":"1990","unstructured":"Shannon RV (1990) Forward masking in patients with cochlear implants. J Acoust Soc Am 88:741\u2013744. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.399777","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"834_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.1121\/1.403807","volume":"91","author":"RV Shannon","year":"1992","unstructured":"Shannon RV (1992) Temporal modulation transfer functions in patients with cochlear implants. J Acoust Soc Am 91:2156\u20132164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.403807","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"834_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2190","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4877139","volume":"135","author":"ZM Smith","year":"2014","unstructured":"Smith ZM, Kan A, Jones HG, Buhr-Lawler M, Godar SP, Litovsky RY (2014) Hearing better with interaural time differences and bilateral cochlear implants. J Acoust Soc Am 135:2190\u20132191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.4877139","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"834_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3479546","volume":"128","author":"MA Stone","year":"2010","unstructured":"Stone MA, F\u00fcllgrabe C, Moore BCJ (2010) Relative contribution to speech intelligibility of different envelope modulation rates within the speech dynamic range. J Acoust Soc Am 128:2127\u20132137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.3479546","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"834_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2013.05.004","volume":"302","author":"A Vandali","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vandali A, Sly D, Cowan R, van Hoesel R (2013) Pitch and loudness matching of unmodulated and modulated stimuli in cochlear implantees. Hear Res 302:32\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heares.2013.05.004","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"key":"834_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3126","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1874632","volume":"117","author":"AE Vandali","year":"2005","unstructured":"Vandali AE, Sucher C, Tsang DJ, McKay CM, Chew JWD, McDermott HJ (2005) Pitch ranking ability of cochlear implant recipients: a comparison of sound-processing strategies. J Acoust Soc Am 117:3126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.1874632","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"834_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4023","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3573988","volume":"129","author":"AE Vandali","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vandali AE, van Hoesel RJM (2011) Development of a temporal fundamental frequency coding strategy for cochlear implants. J Acoust Soc Am 129:4023\u20134036. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.3573988","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"834_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.1121\/1.383531","volume":"66","author":"NF Viemeister","year":"1979","unstructured":"Viemeister NF (1979) Temporal modulation transfer functions based upon modulation thresholds. J Acoust Soc Am 66:1364\u20131380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.383531","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"834_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1038\/352236a0","volume":"352","author":"BS Wilson","year":"1991","unstructured":"Wilson BS, Finley CC, Lawson DT, Wolford RD, Eddington DK, Rabinowitz WM (1991) Better speech recognition with cochlear implants. Nature 352:236\u2013238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/352236a0","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"834_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2925","DOI":"10.1121\/1.420347","volume":"102","author":"C Zhang","year":"1997","unstructured":"Zhang C, Zeng F-G (1997) Loudness of dynamic stimuli in acoustic and electric hearinga). J Acoust Soc Am 102:2925\u20132934. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1121\/1.420347","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"}],"container-title":["Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10162-022-00834-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10162-022-00834-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10162-022-00834-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T19:20:26Z","timestamp":1648581626000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10162-022-00834-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["834"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10162-022-00834-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1525-3961","1438-7573"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1525-3961","type":"print"},{"value":"1438-7573","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 February 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 December 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 January 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The experiments were approved by the ethics boards of the Faculty of Human Sciences at Macquarie University (5201924926866) and by the Local Research Ethics Committee for the East of England (00\/327). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}]}}