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However, the effects of electrical stimulation on neighboring neural structures in the inner ear remain poorly understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, we present a detailed computational model of the human inner ear that simulates electrical stimulation of cochlear and vestibular nerves under clinically relevant conditions. The model integrates high-resolution micro-CT-based geometry, anisotropic tissue conductivities, and myelinated fiber models to predict neural activation patterns across a wide range of clinically relevant stimulation parameters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Simulation results suggest that vestibular stimulation at clinically relevant amplitudes can influence cochlear nerve activation thresholds, particularly in basal cochlear regions. Conversely, cochlear stimulation had a comparatively weaker effect on vestibular activation. Interleaved stimulation with short interstimulus intervals (smaller 100\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <jats:alternatives>\n                          <jats:tex-math>$$\\upmu $$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                          <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                            <mml:mi>\u03bc<\/mml:mi>\n                          <\/mml:math>\n                        <\/jats:alternatives>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      s) resulted in increased excitability in the non-targeted nerve population, suggesting the potential for undesired cross-talk effects. Pulse waveform characteristics, including phase duration and symmetry, further modulated the degree of crosstalk observed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This model allows for comprehensive evaluation of scenarios that cannot be tested in humans due to ethical, practical, or technical limitations. As a result, it provides a valuable tool for exploring new combined simulation scenarios and may aid the development of newly designed implants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10162-026-01065-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T15:32:46Z","timestamp":1784907166000},"page":"805-822","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Biophysical Model for Simultaneous Cochlear and Vestibular Nerve Stimulation: Insights into Neural Activation and Crosstalk in Inner Ear Implants"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0606-9471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bj\u00f6rn","family":"Vey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7958-3162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Handler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rudolf","family":"Glueckert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rami","family":"Saba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolyn","family":"Garnham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6109-3368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Baumgarten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"1065_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021) World report on hearing - executive summary. 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All cadavers were preserved using an arterial injection of a formaldehyde-phenol solution\/an alcohol-glycerin solution and immersion in phenolic acid in water for one to three months\u00a0[\n                      \n                      ].","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"RS works as a senior research manager and CG works as a director of life sciences research for MED-EL GmbH in Innsbruck, Austria. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing Interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that no generative artificial intelligence tools were used for manuscript writing, editing, figure creation, data analysis, or any aspect of the preparation of this article. The authors declare the usage of Grammarly Proofreader for aiding the proofreading of the manuscript, which is a tool that provides grammar and spelling suggestions but does not generate content. Grammarly was used before the initial submission on August 30\n                      th\n                      2025 and before the submission of the reviewed version on May 5\n                      th\n                      2026. The authors confirm that they have reviewed the manuscript and take full responsibility for the content of this publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Use of AI","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}