{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T13:37:17Z","timestamp":1790516237010,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,16]],"date-time":"2008-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1216166400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,16]],"date-time":"2008-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1216166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Orthopaed Traumatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Proximal humeral fractures occur frequently. Displaced or unstable fractures require open reduction and internal fixation. Our objective was to investigate the clinical and radiographic results of the internal fixation using Polarus humeral nails for fractures of the proximal humerus.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>From January 2001 to April 2006, 54 shoulders of 54 patients (44 females, 10 males) underwent the intramedullary fixation using Polarus humeral nail. Mean age of the patients was 66-year-old (39\u201389) at the time of the surgery. Fracture-type by Neer classification was 2-part (29 shoulders), 3-part (22 shoulders) and 4-part (3 shoulders). The clinical and radiological outcomes were evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>All the shoulders after osteosynthesis obtained bone-union. There was no osteonecrosis of the humeral head. Functional outcome measured by JOA score averaged 81 points. Totally 43 patients (79%) had satisfactory to excellent results. Varus deformity was seen in 4 shoulders (8%) and the deformity of the greater tuberosity in 4 (8%).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The Polarus intramedullary humeral nail is effective for the treatment of proximal humeral fractures.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10195-008-0019-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,15]],"date-time":"2008-07-15T15:28:57Z","timestamp":1216135737000},"page":"135-139","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Internal fixation of proximal humeral fractures with a Polarus humeral nail"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Yoichi","family":"Koike","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatsuro","family":"Komatsuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katsumi","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"19_CR1","unstructured":"Bigliani LU, Flatow EL, Pallock RG (1998). Fracture of the proximal humerus. In: Rockwood CA Jr, Matsen FA III (eds) The Shoulders, 2nd edn, vol 1, W.B. Sounders company, pp 337\u2013389"},{"key":"19_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(00)00154-6","volume":"32","author":"AO Adedapo","year":"2001","unstructured":"Adedapo AO, Ikpeme JO (2001) The results of internal fixation of three- and four-part proximal humeral fractures with the Polarus nail. Injury 32:115\u2013121","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"19_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2003.12.005","volume":"13","author":"J Agel","year":"2004","unstructured":"Agel J, Jones CB, Sanzone AG, Camuso M, Henley MB (2004) Treatment of proximal humeral fractures with Polarus nail fixation. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 13:191\u2013195","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"19_CR4","first-page":"633","volume":"25","author":"T Inawashiro","year":"2003","unstructured":"Inawashiro T, Inoue H, Watanabe K, Taira R, Sato K, Komatsuda T, Ito K, Matsuya S (2003) Fixation of proximal humeral fractures with the Polarus nail. Kossetsu Fract 25:633\u2013636 (Japanese)","journal-title":"Kossetsu Fract"},{"key":"19_CR5","first-page":"23","volume":"44","author":"H Inoue","year":"2003","unstructured":"Inoue H, Sato K, Ito K, Inawashiro T (2003) Internal fixation of proximal humeral fractures with a Polarus humeral nail. Bessatsu Seikeigeka 44:23\u201327 (Japanese)","journal-title":"Bessatsu Seikeigeka"},{"key":"19_CR6","first-page":"539","volume":"29","author":"T Momose","year":"2005","unstructured":"Momose T (2005) Internal fixation of proximal humeral fractures with a Polarus humeral nail. Shoulder Joint 29:539\u2013541 (Japanese)","journal-title":"Shoulder Joint"},{"key":"19_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1067\/mse.2001.109556","volume":"10","author":"C Rajasekhar","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rajasekhar C, Ray PS, Bhamra MS (2001) Fixation of proximal humeral fractures with the Polarus nail. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 10:7\u201310","journal-title":"J Shoulder Elbow Surg"},{"key":"19_CR8","first-page":"153","volume":"26","author":"D Sasaki","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sasaki D, Abe Y, Takahashi S, Watanabe S, Saito T, Sugano H, Shibata T (2004) Results of the treatment for proximal humeral fractures. Kossetsu (Fracture) 26:153\u2013158 (Japanese)","journal-title":"Kossetsu (Fracture)"},{"key":"19_CR9","first-page":"323","volume":"29","author":"J Hirose","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hirose J, Nomura K, Hirano M (2005) Fixation and postoperative complicationss of proximal humeral fractures with a Polarus humeral nail. Shoulder Joint 29:323\u2013327 (Japanese)","journal-title":"Shoulder Joint"},{"key":"19_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197052060-00001","volume":"52","author":"CS Neer II","year":"1970","unstructured":"Neer CSII (1970) Displaced proximal humeral fractures. Part I. Classification and evaluation. J Bone Joint Surg 52:1077\u20131089","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"19_CR11","first-page":"747","volume":"29","author":"The journal of the shoulder joint editorial committee","year":"2005","unstructured":"The journal of the shoulder joint editorial committee (2005) Manual for evaluation of the shoulder (JOA score). The shoulder joint 29:747\u2013748 Japanese","journal-title":"The shoulder joint"},{"key":"19_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ta.0000224148.73016.30","volume":"61","author":"J Lin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lin J (2006) Effectiveness of locked nailing for displaced three-part proximal humeral fractures. J Trauma 61:363\u2013374","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"19_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-1383(93)90204-J","volume":"24","author":"CM Robinson","year":"1993","unstructured":"Robinson CM, Christie J (1993) The two-part proximal humeral fracture: a review of operative treatment using two techniques. 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