{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T06:18:35Z","timestamp":1791526715531,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,24]],"date-time":"2008-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1230076800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,24]],"date-time":"2008-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1230076800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Orthopaed Traumatol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Wear debris related osteolysis is recognised as being the main cause of failure in joint replacements based on UHMWPE inserts. However, many solutions and \u201cnew\u201d polyethylenes have been suggested in order to address this issue. This review discusses \u201chistorical\u201d issues associated with UHMWPE, such as oxidation, sterilization method and storage, as well as \u201cnew\u201d topics, such as crosslinking and stabilization. The final aim is to aid orthopaedic surgeons in their selection of polyethylene inserts and in the information given to the patients. The main problem for the polymer is degradative oxidation, which is caused by the combination of the irradiation used for sterilization and oxygen, and which leads to a decrease in wear resistance and mechanical properties. Irradiation and packaging in the absence of oxygen can only reduce the oxidation, while sterilization with gas (EtO or gas plasma) is the only method that effectively eliminates it. Manufacturing processes are of great relevance to the clinical duration and must be considered by surgeons. Crosslinked polyethylene has been developed for joint inserts due to its superior wear resistance compared to conventional UHMWPE; to prevent the oxidation, crosslinked polyethylene requires post-irradiation thermal treatment, which reduces its mechanical properties and which depends on the producer. Several good clinical results from the use of crosslinked acetabular cups have reported at mid-term, while early results for knee replacements are also encouraging. Recently, the use of the antioxidant vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) has been introduced for joint prostheses in order to prevent the oxidation of both crosslinked and noncrosslinked UHMWPE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10195-008-0038-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,23]],"date-time":"2008-12-23T14:03:04Z","timestamp":1230040984000},"page":"1-8","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":163,"title":["UHMWPE for arthroplasty: past or future?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Elena Maria","family":"Brach del Prever","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Bistolfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierangiola","family":"Bracco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luigi","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"18","key":"38_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(99)00053-8","volume":"20","author":"SM Kurtz","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kurtz SM, Muratoglu OK, Evans M et al (1999) Advances in the processing, sterilization, and crosslinking of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene for total joint arthroplasty. Biomaterials 20(18):1659\u20131688","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"2","key":"38_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.80B2.8234","volume":"80-B","author":"AA Besong","year":"1998","unstructured":"Besong AA, Tipper JL, Ingham E et al (1998) Quantitative comparison of wear debris from UHMWPE that has and has not been sterilised by gamma irradiation. J Bone Joint Surg Br 80-B(2):340\u2013344","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"12","key":"38_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200012000-00004","volume":"82-A","author":"H McKellop","year":"2000","unstructured":"McKellop H, Shen FW, Lu B et al (2000) Effect of sterilization method and other modifications on the wear resistance of acetabular cups made of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene. A hip-simulator study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 82-A(12):1708\u20131725","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"38_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200112000-00007","volume":"393","author":"WH Harris","year":"2001","unstructured":"Harris WH (2001) Wear and periprosthetic osteolysis: the problem. Clin Orthop 393:66\u201370","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"issue":"3","key":"38_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-5403(05)80186-X","volume":"10","author":"T Takeuchi","year":"1995","unstructured":"Takeuchi T, Lathi VK, Khan AM et al (1995) Patellofemoral contact pressures exceed the compressive yield strength of UHMWPE in total knee arthroplasties. J Arthroplasty 10(3):363\u2013368","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"issue":"7","key":"38_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(01)00288-5","volume":"23","author":"L Costa","year":"2002","unstructured":"Costa L, Jacobson K, Bracco P et al (2002) Oxidation of orthopaedic UHMWPE. Biomaterials 23(7):1613\u20131624","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"38_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(96)83282-0","volume":"17","author":"EM Brach del Prever","year":"1996","unstructured":"Brach del Prever EM, Crova M, Costa L et al (1996) Unacceptable biodegradation of polyethylene in vivo. Biomaterials 17:873\u2013878","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"7\u20139","key":"38_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(97)00160-9","volume":"19","author":"L Costa","year":"1998","unstructured":"Costa L, Luda MP, Trossarelli L et al (1998) Oxidation in orthopaedic UHMWPE sterilised by gamma-radiation and ethylene oxide. Biomaterials 19(7\u20139):659\u2013668","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"15","key":"38_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(98)00013-1","volume":"19","author":"L Costa","year":"1998","unstructured":"Costa L, Luda MP, Trossarelli L et al (1998) In vivo UHMWPE biodegradation of retrieved prosthesis. Biomaterials 19(15):1371\u20131385","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"1","key":"38_CR10","first-page":"59","volume":"7","author":"AA Besong","year":"1997","unstructured":"Besong AA, Hailey JL, Ingham E et al (1997) A study of the combined effects of shelf ageing following irradiation in air and counterface roughness on the wear of UHMWPE. Biomed Mater Eng 7(1):59\u201365","journal-title":"Biomed Mater Eng"},{"issue":"12","key":"38_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2779","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.G.00043","volume":"89-A","author":"CA Jacobs","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jacobs CA, Christensen CP, Greenwald AS et al (2007) Clinical performance of highly cross-linked polyethylenes in total hip arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am 89-A(12):2779\u20132786","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"17","key":"38_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2003.10.027","volume":"25","author":"MB Turell","year":"2004","unstructured":"Turell MB, Bellare A (2004) A study of the nanostructure and tensile properties of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene. Biomaterials 25(17):3389\u20133398","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"38_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa L, Bracco P (2004) Mechanism of crosslinking and oxidative degradation of UHMWPE. In: Kurtz SM (ed) The UHMWPE handbook: ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene in total joint replacement, vol 11. Academic, New York, pp 235\u2013250","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012429851-4\/50012-7"},{"key":"38_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2006.02.003","volume":"91","author":"P Bracco","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bracco P, Brach del Prever EM, Cannas M et al (2006) Oxidation behaviour in prosthetic UHMWPE components sterilised with high energy radiation in a low oxygen environment. Polymer Degrad Stab 91:2030\u20132038","journal-title":"Polymer Degrad Stab"},{"key":"38_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2006.08.002","volume":"91","author":"P Bracco","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bracco P, Brunella V, Luda MP et al (2006) Oxidation behaviour in prosthetic UHMWPE components sterilised with high energy radiation in the presence of oxygen. Polymer Degrad Stab 91:3057\u20133064","journal-title":"Polymer Degrad Stab"},{"key":"38_CR16","first-page":"20","volume":"309","author":"MP Bostrom","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bostrom MP, Bennett AP, Rimnac CM et al (1994) The natural history of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene. Clin Orthop 309:20\u201328","journal-title":"Clin Orthop"},{"key":"38_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1002\/app.1989.070381101","volume":"38","author":"C Birkinshaw","year":"1989","unstructured":"Birkinshaw C, Buggy M, Daly S et al (1989) The effect of gamma radiation on the physical structure and mechanical properties of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene. J Appl Poly Sci 38:1967\u20131973","journal-title":"J Appl Poly Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"38_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.84B7.13647","volume":"84-B","author":"G Blunn","year":"2002","unstructured":"Blunn G, Brach del Prever EM, Costa L et al (2002) Ultra high molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) in total knee replacement: fabrication, sterilisation and wear. J Bone Joint Surg 84-B(7):946\u2013949","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg"},{"key":"38_CR19","unstructured":"Willert HG, Buchhorn GH (1999) The biology of the loosening of hip implants (European Instructional Course Lectures, vol 4). British Editorial Society of Bone and Joint Surgery, London, pp 58\u201383"},{"issue":"34","key":"38_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.06.035","volume":"28","author":"SB Goodman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Goodman SB (2007) Wear particles, periprosthetic osteolysis and the immune system. Biomaterials 28(34):5044\u20135048","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"38_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199402000-00015","volume":"299","author":"J Chiba","year":"1994","unstructured":"Chiba J, Schwendeman LJ, Booth RE et al (1994) A biochemical, histologic, and immunohistologic analysis of membranes obtained from failed cemented and cementless total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 299:114\u2013124","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"24","key":"38_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(98)00140-9","volume":"19","author":"TR Green","year":"1998","unstructured":"Green TR, Fisher J, Stone M et al (1998) Polyethylene particles of a \u201ccritical size\u201d are necessary for the induction of cytokines by macrophages in vitro. Biomaterials 19(24):2297\u20132302","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"38_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.97105s51013","volume":"105","author":"B Fubini","year":"1997","unstructured":"Fubini B (1997) Surface reactivity in the pathogenic response to particulates. Environ Health Perspect 105:1013\u20131020","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"3","key":"38_CR24","first-page":"291","volume":"88","author":"EM Brach del Prever","year":"2003","unstructured":"Brach del Prever EM, Bistolfi A, Costa L et al (2003) The biological reaction to polyethylene wear debris can be related with oxidation of the UHMWPE cups. Chir Organi Mov 88(3):291\u2013303","journal-title":"Chir Organi Mov"},{"issue":"24","key":"38_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2005.08.095","volume":"46","author":"P Bracco","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bracco P, Brunella V, Luda MP et al (2005) Radiation induced crosslinking of UHMWPE in the presence of co-agents: chemical and mechanical characterisation. Polymer 46(24):10648\u201310657","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"issue":"8","key":"38_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2004.03.022","volume":"26","author":"LA Pruitt","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pruitt LA (2005) Deformation, yielding, fracture and fatigue behaviour of conventional and highly crosslinked ultra high molecular weight polyethylene. Biomaterials 26(8):905\u2013915","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"3","key":"38_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s007760050155","volume":"5","author":"H Oonishi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Oonishi H, Kadoya Y (2000) Wear of high-dose gamma-irradiated polyethylene in total hip replacements. J Orthop Sci 5(3):223\u2013228","journal-title":"J Orthop Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"38_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100170203","volume":"17","author":"H McKellop","year":"1999","unstructured":"McKellop H, Shen FW, Lu B et al (1999) Development of an extremely wear-resistant ultra high molecular weight polyethylene for total hip replacements. J Orthop Res 17(2):157\u2013167","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"issue":"16","key":"38_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(99)00039-3","volume":"20","author":"OK Muratoglu","year":"1999","unstructured":"Muratoglu OK, Bragdon CR, O\u2019Connor DO et al (1999) Unified wear model for highly crosslinked ultra-high molecular weight polyethylenes (UHMWPE). Biomaterials 20(16):1463\u20131470","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"9","key":"38_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.10.002","volume":"27","author":"KK Wannomae","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wannomae KK, Christensen SD, Freiberg AA et al (2006) The effect of real-time aging on the oxidation and wear of highly crosslinked UHMWPE acetabular liners. Biomaterials 27(9):1980\u20131987","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"38_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000149827.55160.42","volume":"429","author":"WH Harris","year":"2004","unstructured":"Harris WH (2004) Highly cross-linked, electron-beam-irradiated, melted polyethylene: some pros. Clin Orthop Relat Res 429:63\u201367","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"38_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-0266(02)00073-6","volume":"20","author":"A Gomoll","year":"2002","unstructured":"Gomoll A, Wanich T, Bellare A (2002) J-integral fracture toughness and tearing modulus measurement of radiation cross-linked UHMWPE. J Orthop Res 20(6):1152\u20131156","journal-title":"J Orthop Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"38_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.10606","volume":"66A","author":"DA Baker","year":"2003","unstructured":"Baker DA, Bellare A, Pruitt L (2003) The effects of degree of crosslinking on the fatigue crack initiation and propagation resistance of orthopedic-grade polyethylene. J Biomed Mater Res A 66A(1):146\u2013154","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res A"},{"issue":"8","key":"38_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.09.010","volume":"27","author":"SJ Gencur","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gencur SJ, Rimnac CM, Kurtz SM (2006) Fatigue crack propagation resistance of virgin and highly crosslinked, thermally treated ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene. Biomaterials 27(8):1550\u20131557","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"9","key":"38_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.09.033","volume":"27","author":"KS Simis","year":"2006","unstructured":"Simis KS, Bistolfi A, Bellare A et al (2006) The combined effects of crosslinking and high crystallinity on the microstructural and mechanical properties of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene. Biomaterials 27(9):1688\u20131694","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"6","key":"38_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.06.025","volume":"27","author":"E Oral","year":"2006","unstructured":"Oral E, Malhi AS, Muratoglu OK (2006) Mechanisms of decrease in fatigue crack propagation resistance in irradiated and melted UHMWPE. Biomaterials 27(6):917\u2013925","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"2","key":"38_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.30807","volume":"83B","author":"FJ Medel","year":"2007","unstructured":"Medel FJ, Pena P, Cegonino J et al (2007) Comparative fatigue behaviour and toughness of remelted and annealed highly crosslinked polyethylenes. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 83B(2):380\u2013390","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater"},{"issue":"1","key":"38_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.05.102","volume":"27","author":"SM Kurtz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kurtz SM, Mazzucco D, Rimnac CM et al (2006) Anisotropy and oxidative resistance of highly crosslinked UHMWPE after deformation processing by solid-state ram extrusion. Biomaterials 27(1):24\u201334","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"16","key":"38_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2004.07.070","volume":"26","author":"S Affatato","year":"2005","unstructured":"Affatato S, Bersaglia G, Rocchi M et al (2005) Wear behaviour of cross-linked polyethylene assessed in vitro under severe conditions. Biomaterials 26(16):3259\u20133267","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"2","key":"38_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.b.31048","volume":"86B","author":"Y Minoda","year":"2008","unstructured":"Minoda Y, Kobayashi A, Sakawa A et al (2008) Wear particle analysis of highly crosslinked polyethylene isolated from a failed total hip arthroplasty. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 86B(2):501\u2013505","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater"},{"key":"38_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1097\/01.blo.0000148783.20469.4c","volume":"428","author":"J Fisher","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fisher J, McEwen HM, Tipper JL et al (2004) Wear, debris, and biologic activity of cross-linked polyethylene in the knee: benefits and potential concerns. Clin Orthop Relat Res 428:114\u2013119","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"15","key":"38_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2561","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(03)00056-5","volume":"24","author":"RK Sethi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sethi RK, Neavyn MJ, Rubash HE et al (2003) Macrophage response to cross-linked and conventional UHMWPE. Biomaterials 24(15):2561\u20132573","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"6 suppl 2","key":"38_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2007.04.006","volume":"22","author":"SB Leung","year":"2007","unstructured":"Leung SB, Egawa H, Stepniewski A et al (2007) Incidence and volume of pelvic osteolysis at early follow-up with highly crosslinked and non crosslinked polyethylene. J Arthroplasty 22(6 suppl 2):134\u2013139","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"issue":"6 suppl 2","key":"38_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2007.03.009","volume":"22","author":"CR Bragdon","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bragdon CR, Greene ME, Freiberg AA et al (2007) Radiostereometric analysis comparison of wear of highly cross-linked polyethylene against 36- vs. 28-mm femoral heads. J Arthroplasty 22(6 suppl 2):125\u2013129","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"key":"38_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.F.00758","volume":"89-A","author":"SS Tower","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tower SS, Currier JH, Currier BH et al (2007) Rim cracking of the cross-linked longevity polyethylene acetabular liner after total hip arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am 89-A:2212\u20132217","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"4","key":"38_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2004.09.040","volume":"20","author":"S R\u00f6hrl","year":"2005","unstructured":"R\u00f6hrl S, Nivbrant B, Mingguo L et al (2005) In vivo wear and migration of highly cross-linked polyethylene cups a radiostereometry analysis study. J Arthroplasty 20(4):409\u2013413","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"issue":"6","key":"38_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1080\/17453670710014518","volume":"78","author":"G Digas","year":"2007","unstructured":"Digas G, K\u00e4rrholm J, Thanner J et al (2007) 5-year experience of highly cross-linked polyethylene in cemented and uncemented sockets: two randomized studies using radiostereometric analysis. Acta Orthop 78(6):746\u2013754","journal-title":"Acta Orthop"},{"key":"38_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1097\/BLO.0b013e31815760b1","volume":"465","author":"CR Bragdon","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bragdon CR, Kwon YM, Geller JA et al (2007) Minimum 6-year follow-up of highly cross-linked polyethylene in THA. Clin Orthop Relat Res 465:122\u2013127","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"38_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1080\/17453670710014509","volume":"78","author":"SM Rohr","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rohr SM, Li MG, Nilsson KG et al (2007) Very low wear of non-remelted highly cross-linked polyethylene cups: an RSA study lasting up to 6\u00a0years. Acta Orthop 78(6):739\u2013745","journal-title":"Acta Orthop"},{"issue":"3","key":"38_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2006.12.117","volume":"23","author":"S Glyn-Jones","year":"2008","unstructured":"Glyn-Jones S, Isaac S, Hauptfleisch J et al (2008) Does highly cross-linked polyethylene wear less than conventional polyethylene in total hip arthroplasty? A double blind, randomized, and controlled trial using roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis. J Arthroplasty 23(3):337\u2013343","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"issue":"2","key":"38_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.90B2.19887","volume":"90-B","author":"E Garc\u00eda-Rey","year":"2008","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Rey E, Garc\u00eda-Cimbrelo E, Cruz-Pardos A et al (2008) New polyethylenes in total hip replacement: a prospective, comparative clinical study of two types of liner. J Bone Joint Surg Br 90-B(2):149\u2013153","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"5","key":"38_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200405000-00026","volume":"86-A","author":"L Bradford","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bradford L, Kurland R, Sankaran M et al (2004) Early failure due to osteolysis associated with contemporary highly cross-linked ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am 86-A(5):1051\u20131056","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"6","key":"38_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200406000-00021","volume":"86-A","author":"L Bradford","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bradford L, Baker DA, Graham J et al (2004) Wear and surface cracking in early retrieved highly cross-linked polyethylene acetabular liners. J Bone Joint Surg Am 86-A(6):1271\u20131282","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"1","key":"38_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2003.08.003","volume":"19","author":"OK Muratoglu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Muratoglu OK, Greenbaum ES, Bragdon CR et al (2004) Surface analysis of early retrieved acetabular polyethylene liners: a comparison of conventional and highly crosslinked polyethylenes. J Arthroplasty 19(1):68\u201377","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"issue":"7 supp 1","key":"38_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-5403(03)00303-6","volume":"18","author":"CB Rieker","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rieker CB, Konrad R, Sch\u00f6n R et al (2003) In vivo and in vitro surface changes in a highly cross-linked polyethylene. J Arthroplasty 18(7 supp 1):48\u201354","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"key":"38_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1097\/BLO.0b013e3181468930","volume":"465","author":"MJ Salineros","year":"2007","unstructured":"Salineros MJ, Crowninshield RD, Laurent M et al (2007) Analysis of retrieved acetabular components of three polyethylene types. Clin Orthop Relat Res 465:140\u2013149","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"38_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.89B8.18809","volume":"89-B","author":"K Knahr","year":"2007","unstructured":"Knahr K, Pospischill M, K\u00f6ttig P et al (2007) Retrieval analyses of highly cross-linked polyethylene acetabular liners four and five years after implantation. J Bone Joint Surg Br 89-B(8):1036\u20131041","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"1","key":"38_CR58","first-page":"27","volume":"17","author":"C Atienza Jr","year":"2008","unstructured":"Atienza C Jr, Maloney WJ (2008) Highly cross-linked polyethylene bearing surfaces in total hip arthroplasty. J Surg Orthop Adv 17(1):27\u201333","journal-title":"J Surg Orthop Adv"},{"issue":"1\u20134","key":"38_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-583X(01)00944-2","volume":"85","author":"J Mall\u00e9gol","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mall\u00e9gol J, Carlsson DJ, Deschenes L (2001) Post-irradiation reactions in vitamin E stabilised and unstabilised HDPE. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res B 85(1\u20134):283\u2013293","journal-title":"Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res B"},{"issue":"8","key":"38_CR60","first-page":"537","volume":"8","author":"S Al-Malaika","year":"2000","unstructured":"Al-Malaika S (2000) Vitamin E: an effective biological antioxidant for polymer stabilisation. Polym Polym Compos 8(8):537\u2013542","journal-title":"Polym Polym Compos"},{"key":"38_CR61","unstructured":"Brach del Prever EM, Camino G, Costa L et al (1994) Impianti protesici comprendente un componente di materiale plastico. Ital Pat 1271590"},{"issue":"24","key":"38_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2003.12.048","volume":"25","author":"E Oral","year":"2004","unstructured":"Oral E, Wannomae KK, Hawkins N et al (2004) Alpha-tocopherol-doped irradiated UHMWPE for high fatigue resistance and low wear. Biomaterials 25(24):5515\u20135522","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"4","key":"38_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(1999)48:4<474::AID-JBM11>3.0.CO;2-T","volume":"48","author":"N Tomita","year":"1999","unstructured":"Tomita N, Kitakura T, Onmori N et al (1999) Prevention of fatigue cracks in ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene joint components by the addition of vitamin E. J Biomed Mater Res 48(4):474\u2013478","journal-title":"J Biomed Mater Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"38_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2005.07.009","volume":"21","author":"E Oral","year":"2006","unstructured":"Oral E, Christensen SD, Malhi AS et al (2006) Wear resistance and mechanical properties of highly cross-linked, ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene doped with vitamin E. J Arthroplasty 21(4):580\u2013591","journal-title":"J Arthroplasty"},{"issue":"29","key":"38_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.02.035","volume":"26","author":"N Shibata","year":"2005","unstructured":"Shibata N, Tomita N (2005) The anti-oxidative properties of alpha-tocopherol in gamma-irradiated UHMWPE with respect to fatigue and oxidation resistance. Biomaterials 26(29):5755\u20135762","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"6","key":"38_CR66","first-page":"1247","volume":"18","author":"C Wolf","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wolf C, Lederer K, Pfragner R et al (2007) Biocompatibility of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMW-PE) stabilised with alpha-tocopherol used for joint endoprostheses assessed in vitro. J Mater Sci: Mater Med 18(6):1247\u20131252","journal-title":"J Mater Sci: Mater Med"},{"issue":"33","key":"38_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2005.04.026","volume":"26","author":"ES Greenbaum","year":"2005","unstructured":"Greenbaum ES, Malhi AS, Harris WH et al (2005) Characterization of irradiated blends of alpha-tocopherol and UHMWPE. Biomaterials 26(33):6657\u20136663","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"12","key":"38_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-006-0607-7","volume":"17","author":"C Wolf","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wolf C, Maninger J, Lederer K et al (2006) Stabilisation of crosslinked ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMW-PE)-acetabular components with alpha-tocopherol. J Mater Sci Mater Med 17(12):1323\u20131331","journal-title":"J Mater Sci Mater Med"},{"issue":"35","key":"38_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.08.025","volume":"28","author":"E Oral","year":"2007","unstructured":"Oral E, Wannomae KK, Rowell SL et al (2007) Diffusion of vitamin-E in ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene. Biomaterials 28(35):5225\u20135237","journal-title":"Biomaterials"}],"container-title":["Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10195-008-0038-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10195-008-0038-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10195-008-0038-y","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10195-008-0038-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]],"date-time":"2023-05-23T04:25:26Z","timestamp":1684815926000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jorthoptraumatol.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1007\/s10195-008-0038-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,24]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]}},"alternative-id":["38"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10195-008-0038-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1590-9921","1590-9999"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1590-9921","type":"print"},{"value":"1590-9999","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 September 2008","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 November 2008","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 December 2008","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}