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Misreporting of adherence behavior can bias estimations of treatment (cost)effectiveness. This study investigated how to induce truthful self-reported medication adherence and evaluated how self-reported (truth-induced vs. regularly reported) medication adherence and treatment preferences were associated.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Medication adherence was measured after a discrete choice experiment eliciting stated preferences for Multiple Sclerosis (MS)-treatments. Data was collected among MS-patients in three Western countries. Half of the sample was randomized to \u2018choice-matching\u2019, a novel mechanism which induces truthfulness. It financially compensates respondents based on their self-reported adherence and guesses about other respondents\u2019 adherence. To investigate the impact of truth-incentivized adherence reporting on preference heterogeneity, interaction effects between medication adherence and treatment preferences were tested separately within the choice-matching and the \u2018standard\u2019 group.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The sample comprised 380 MS-patients (mean age 41y, 69% female). Respondents in the choice-matching group reported a lower medication adherence compared to the standard group (always adherent: 39.3% vs. 46.6%). Mixed logit models showed significant interaction effects: in the choice-matching group, higher medication adherence resulted in lower utility for pills twice\/day compared to injections three times\/week (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.019), while in the standard group, respondents with higher medication adherence preferred pills once\/day compared to injections three times\/week (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.005).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Choice-matching likely encouraged respondents to report their true medication adherence. Linking truthful behavior to patients\u2019 preferences allows for a better understanding of preference heterogeneity and helping to make decisions that fit patients\u2019 true preferences.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-025-01760-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T23:36:03Z","timestamp":1741822563000},"page":"1219-1232","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Association of medication adherence with treatment preferences: incentivizing truthful self-reporting"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5070-284X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carina","family":"Oedingen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2766-1920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raf","family":"van Gestel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9864-037X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samare P. 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