{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T16:58:29Z","timestamp":1786121909147,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763596800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005711","name":"Universit\u00e4t Hamburg","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Health Econ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Over the past decades, most European countries switched emergency contraceptive availability from prescription to over-the-counter (OTC) status. However, the effect of OTC switches on emergency and regular contraceptive use, on demographic indicators (birth rate, abortion rate) and health outcomes (sexually transmitted diseases) varies depending on the study setting. Only Poland switched emergency contraceptives back to prescription (Rx) status after previously loosening restrictions and causal analyses of an Rx switch are lacking entirely. We employ multiple (staggered\/synthetic) difference-in-differences models to evaluate the effect of (a) an OTC switch, exploiting variation in the timing of the OTC switch among several European countries and (b) a Rx switch at the example of Poland. We find that the use of emergency contraceptives increased (decreased) after OTC (Rx) switches. The use of regular hormonal contraceptives, the rate of births and abortions and the incidence of various sexually transmitted diseases remained essentially unaffected or \u2013 if found - effects did not withstand robustness checks. Our results suggest that increased use of emergency contraceptives due to liberalized over-the-counter access may be reversed by a return to prescription bound access.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-025-01863-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T07:19:19Z","timestamp":1763623159000},"page":"987-1002","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Demographic and health impacts of women\u2019s bodily autonomy: switching prescription requirements for emergency contraceptives"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1889-8029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabian","family":"Gr\u00fcnwald","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3954-0955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom","family":"Stargardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"1863_CR1","unstructured":"Bekiempis, V., Helmore, E.: Protests continue across US to voice anger over supreme court ruling. The Guardian (2022). https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2022\/jun\/26\/abortion-rights-protests-across-us. Accessed 8 August 2022"},{"key":"1863_CR2","unstructured":"Kaminski, K., Mortensen, A., Smith-Spark, L.: \u2018Women\u2019s rights are being trampled\u2019. CNN Europe, 31 March 2021. https:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2021\/01\/31\/europe\/poland-abortion-law-protests-intl\/index.html. Accessed 2 May 2022"},{"key":"1863_CR3","unstructured":"Supreme, U.S., Court: Dobbs v. Jackson Women\u2019s Health Organization(597 U.S.). (2022). https:\/\/supreme.justia.com\/cases\/federal\/us\/597\/19-1392\/"},{"key":"1863_CR4","unstructured":"Barnes, R., Marimow, A.E.: Supreme Court preserves access to key abortion drug as appeal proceeds. The Washington Post, (2023). https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/politics\/2023\/04\/21\/mifepristone-abortion-pill-access-supreme-court\/. Accessed 4 May 2023"},{"key":"1863_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001324.pub6","author":"J Shen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shen, J., Che, Y., Showell, E., Chen, K., Cheng, L.: Interventions for emergency contraception. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD001324.pub6","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"1863_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4119\/SEEJPH-3277","author":"S Italia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Italia, S., Schr\u00f6der-B\u00e4ck, P., Brand, H.: Switching emergency contraceptives to non-prescription status and unwanted pregnancy among adult and teenage women: A long-term European comparative study. South. East. Eur. J. Public. Health. (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4119\/SEEJPH-3277","journal-title":"South. East. Eur. J. Public. Health"},{"key":"1863_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000444686","author":"S Italia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Italia, S., Brand, H.: Status of emergency contraceptives in Europe one year after the European medicines agency\u2019s recommendation to switch ulipristal acetate to Non-Prescription status. Public. Health Genomics (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000444686","journal-title":"Public. Health Genomics"},{"key":"1863_CR8","unstructured":"Ko\u015b\u017a, W.: Polish parliament votes to limit access to morning after pill. Politico Europe, 25 May (2017). https:\/\/www.politico.eu\/article\/polish-parliament-votes-to-limit-access-to-emergency-contraception\/"},{"key":"1863_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/jphp.2014.3","author":"DN Atkins","year":"2014","unstructured":"Atkins, D.N.: Association between increased availability of emergency contraceptive pills and the sexual and contraceptive behaviors of women. J. Public Health Policy (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/jphp.2014.3","journal-title":"J. Public Health Policy"},{"key":"1863_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.12251","author":"DN Atkins","year":"2015","unstructured":"Atkins, D.N., Bradford, W.D.: Association between increased emergency contraception availability and risky sexual practices. Health Serv. Res. (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1475-6773.12251","journal-title":"Health Serv. Res."},{"key":"1863_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/coep.12081","author":"DN Atkins","year":"2015","unstructured":"Atkins, D.N., Bradford, W.D.: The effect of changes in state and federal policy for Non-Prescription access to emergency contraception on youth contraceptive use: A Difference-in-Difference analysis across new England states. Contemporary Economic Policy (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/coep.12081","journal-title":"Contemporary Economic Policy"},{"key":"1863_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ecoj.12390","author":"A Bentancor","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bentancor, A., Clarke, D.: Assessing plan B: The effect of the morning after pill on children and women. Econ. J. (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ecoj.12390","journal-title":"Econ. J."},{"key":"1863_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/00703370-9544015","author":"D Clarke","year":"2021","unstructured":"Clarke, D., Salinas, V.: Access to the emergency contraceptive pill and women\u2019s reproductive health: Evidence from public reform in Chile. Demography. (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1215\/00703370-9544015","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"1863_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/coep.12083","author":"I Cintina","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cintina, I., Johansen, M.S.: The effect of plan B on teen abortions: Evidence from the 2006 FDA ruling. Contemporary Economic Policy (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/coep.12083","journal-title":"Contemporary Economic Policy"},{"issue":"3","key":"1863_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1682","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1465-7295.2012.00498.X","volume":"51","author":"CP Durrance","year":"2013","unstructured":"Durrance, C.P.: The Effects of Increased Access to Emergency Contraception on Sexually Transmitted Disease and Abortion Rates. Economic Inquiry 51(3), 1682\u20131695 (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/J.1465-7295.2012.00498.X","journal-title":"Economic Inquiry"},{"key":"1863_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2010.12.004","author":"S Girma","year":"2011","unstructured":"Girma, S., Paton, D.: The impact of emergency birth control on teen pregnancy and stis. Journal of Health Economics (2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2010.12.004","journal-title":"Journal of Health Economics"},{"key":"1863_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38519.440266.8F","author":"C Marston","year":"2005","unstructured":"Marston, C., Meltzer, H., Majeed, A.: Impact on contraceptive practice of making emergency hormonal contraception available over the counter in great britain: Repeated cross sectional surveys. BMJ (2005). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.38519.440266.8F","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1863_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2006.01.012","author":"C Moreau","year":"2006","unstructured":"Moreau, C., Bajos, N., Trussell, J.: The impact of pharmacy access to emergency contraceptive pills in France. Contraception (2006). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.contraception.2006.01.012","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"1863_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2023.102775","author":"G Pfeifer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pfeifer, G., Stockburger, M.: The morning after: Prescription-free access to emergency contraceptive pills. Journal of Health Economics (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2023.102775","journal-title":"Journal of Health Economics"},{"key":"1863_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.1.54","author":"TR Raine","year":"2005","unstructured":"Raine, T.R., Harper, C.C., Rocca, C.H., Fischer, R., Padian, N., Klausner, J.D., Darney, P.D.: Direct access to emergency contraception through pharmacies and effect on unintended pregnancy and stis: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA (2005). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.293.1.54","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1863_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000250904.06923.4a","author":"EG Raymond","year":"2007","unstructured":"Raymond, E.G., Trussell, J., Polis, C.B.: Population effect of increased access to emergency contraceptive pills: A systematic review. Obstetrics & Gynecology (2007). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.AOG.0000250904.06923.4a","journal-title":"Obstetrics & Gynecology"},{"key":"1863_CR22","unstructured":"Boffey, D.: Polish government widely condemned over morning-after pill law. The Guardian (2017). https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2017\/jun\/26\/polish-president-signs-off-widely-condemned-morning-after-pill-law"},{"key":"1863_CR23","first-page":"687","volume":"68","author":"S Mittal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mittal, S.: Emergency contraception: Which is the best? Minerva Ginecol 68, 687\u2013699 (2016)","journal-title":"Minerva Ginecol"},{"key":"1863_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00016340801936024","author":"M Ekstrand","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ekstrand, M., Larsson, M., Darj, E., Tyd\u00e9n, T.: Advance provision of emergency contraceptive pills reduces treatment delay: A randomised controlled trial among Swedish teenage girls. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. (2008). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00016340801936024","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"1863_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03009734.2013.841308","author":"M Ekstrand","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ekstrand, M., Tyd\u00e9n, T., Darj, E., Larsson, M.: Twelve-month follow-up of advance provision of emergency contraception among teenage girls in Sweden-a randomized controlled trial. Ups. J. Med. Sci. (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/03009734.2013.841308","journal-title":"Ups. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"1863_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsrh-2018-200236","author":"E Mantzourani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mantzourani, E., Hodson, K., Evans, A., Alzetani, S., Hayward, R., Deslandes, R., Hughes, M.L., Holyfield, G., Way, C.: A 5-year evaluation of the emergency contraception enhanced community pharmacy service provided in Wales. BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjsrh-2018-200236","journal-title":"BMJ Sexual & Reproductive Health"},{"key":"1863_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005497.pub2","author":"CB Polis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Polis, C.B., Schaffer, K., Blanchard, K., Glasier, A., Harper, C.C., Grimes, D.A.: Advance provision of emergency contraception for pregnancy prevention (full review). Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (2007). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD005497.pub2","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"1863_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2008.02.001","author":"EG Raymond","year":"2008","unstructured":"Raymond, E.G., Weaver, M.A.: Effect of an emergency contraceptive pill intervention on pregnancy risk behavior. Contraception (2008). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.contraception.2008.02.001","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"1863_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2012.09.011","author":"MI Rodriguez","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rodriguez, M.I., Curtis, K.M., Gaffield, M.L., Jackson, E., Kapp, N.: Advance supply of emergency contraception: A systematic review. Contraception (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.contraception.2012.09.011","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"1863_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/aog.0b013e318190c0fe","author":"MA Weaver","year":"2009","unstructured":"Weaver, M.A., Raymond, E.G., Baecher, L.: Attitude and behavior effects in a randomized trial of increased access to emergency contraception. Obstet. Gynecol. (2009). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/aog.0b013e318190c0fe","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"1863_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pam.21731","author":"T Gross","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gross, T., Lafortune, J., Low, C.: What happens the morning after? The costs and benefits of expanding access to emergency contraception. J. Pol. Anal. Manage. (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pam.21731","journal-title":"J. Pol. Anal. Manage."},{"key":"1863_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.1129","author":"S Girma","year":"2006","unstructured":"Girma, S., Paton, D.: Matching estimates of the impact of over-the-counter emergency birth control on teenage pregnancy. Health Econ (2006). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hec.1129","journal-title":"Health Econ"},{"key":"1863_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GRF.0000000000000056","author":"K Cleland","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cleland, K., Raymond, E.G., Westley, E., Trussell, J.: Emergency contraception review: evidence-based recommendations for clinicians. Clin. Obstet. Gynecol. (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/GRF.0000000000000056","journal-title":"Clin. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"1863_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/00703370-8932007","author":"P Shukla","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shukla, P., Pullabhotla, H.K., Arends-Kuenning, M.: Choosing plan B over plan A: Risk compensation theory and contraceptive choice in India. Demography (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1215\/00703370-8932007","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"1863_CR35","unstructured":"IQVIA: MIDAS. Pharmaceutical sales data, quarterly 2014q2-2020q1: (2020)"},{"key":"1863_CR36","unstructured":"Eurostat: Live births (total) by month. (2022). https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/databrowser\/view\/DEMO_FMONTH__custom_166307\/default\/table?lang=enhttps:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/databrowser\/view\/demo_pjangroup\/default\/table Accessed 2 May 2022"},{"key":"1863_CR37","unstructured":"European Health Information Gateway: Number of abortions, all ages. (2022). https:\/\/gateway.euro.who.int\/en\/indicators\/hfa_587-7011-number-of-abortions-all-ages\/ Accessed 2 May 2022"},{"key":"1863_CR38","unstructured":"Johnston, W.R.: Historical abortion statistics by country. (2020). https:\/\/www.johnstonsarchive.net\/policy\/abortion\/index.html Accessed 14 July 2021"},{"key":"1863_CR39","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control: Surveillance Atlas of Infectious Diseases. (2022). https:\/\/atlas.ecdc.europa.eu\/public\/index.aspx Accessed 28 April 2022"},{"key":"1863_CR40","unstructured":"European Health Information Gateway: Incidence of gonococcal infection per 100 000. (2022). https:\/\/gateway.euro.who.int\/en\/indicators\/hfa_322-2060-incidence-of-gonococcal-infection-per-100-000\/ Accessed 2 May 2022"},{"key":"1863_CR41","unstructured":"European Health Information Gateway: Incidence of syphilis per 100 000. (2022). https:\/\/gateway.euro.who.int\/en\/indicators\/hfa_320-2050-incidence-of-syphilis-per-100-000\/ Accessed 2 May 2022"},{"key":"1863_CR42","unstructured":"European Health Information Gateway: Incidence of viral hepatitis B per 100 000. (2022). https:\/\/gateway.euro.who.int\/en\/indicators\/hfa_318-2040-incidence-of-viral-hepatitis-b-per-100-000\/ Accessed 2 May 2022"},{"key":"1863_CR43","unstructured":"European Health Information Gateway: Rate of new HIV diagnoses per 100 000. (2022). https:\/\/gateway.euro.who.int\/en\/indicators\/hfa_349-2190-rate-of-new-hiv-diagnoses-per-100-000\/ Accessed 2 May 2022"},{"key":"1863_CR44","unstructured":"World Bank: World Development Indicators. (2023). https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/world-development-indicators"},{"key":"1863_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2014.09.005","author":"NM Crawford","year":"2015","unstructured":"Crawford, N.M., Steiner, A.Z.: Age-related infertility. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ogc.2014.09.005","journal-title":"Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America"},{"key":"1863_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2018.09.030","author":"D Garc\u00eda","year":"2018","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda, D., Brazal, S., Rodr\u00edguez, A., Prat, A., Vassena, R.: Knowledge of age-related fertility decline in women: A systematic review. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2018.09.030","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"1863_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deh304","author":"H Leridon","year":"2004","unstructured":"Leridon, H.: Can assisted reproduction technology compensate for the natural decline in fertility with age? A model assessment. Human Reproduction (2004). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/humrep\/deh304","journal-title":"Human Reproduction"},{"key":"1863_CR48","unstructured":"Eurostat: Population on 1 January by age group and sex. (2022). https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/databrowser\/view\/demo_pjangroup\/default\/table Accessed 2 May 2022"},{"key":"1863_CR49","unstructured":"Eurostat: Quarterly population by sex, age, degree of urbanisation and labour status (1 000). (2022). http:\/\/appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu\/nui\/show.do?wai=true&dataset=lfsq_pgauws Accessed 2 May 2022"},{"key":"1863_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3386\/t0344","author":"AC Cameron","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cameron, A.C., Gelbach, J., Miller, D.: Bootstrap-Based improvements for inference with clustered errors. Rev. Econ. Stat. (2008). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3386\/t0344","journal-title":"Rev. Econ. Stat."},{"key":"1863_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3368\/jhr.50.2.317","author":"AC Cameron","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cameron, A.C., Miller, D.L.: A practitioner\u2019s guide to Cluster-Robust inference. Journal of Human Resources (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3368\/jhr.50.2.317","journal-title":"Journal of Human Resources"},{"key":"1863_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2019.04.035","author":"AA Djogbenou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Djogbenou, A.A., MacKinnon, J.G., Nielsen, M.: Asymptotic theory and wild bootstrap inference with clustered errors. Journal of Econometrics (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jeconom.2019.04.035","journal-title":"Journal of Econometrics"},{"key":"1863_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X19830877","author":"D Roodman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Roodman, D., Nielsen, M., MacKinnon, J.G., Webb, M.D.: Fast and wild: Bootstrap inference in Stata using boottest. The Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1536867X19830877","journal-title":"The Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata"},{"key":"1863_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeconom.2021.03.014","volume":"225","author":"A Goodman-Bacon","year":"2021","unstructured":"Goodman-Bacon, A.: Difference-in-Differences with variation in treatment timing. Journal of Econometrics 225, 254\u2013277 (2021)","journal-title":"Journal of Econometrics"},{"key":"1863_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.13666","author":"B Zeldow","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zeldow, B., Hatfield, L.A.: Confounding and regression adjustment in difference-in-differences studies. Health Serv. Res. (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1475-6773.13666","journal-title":"Health Serv. Res."},{"key":"1863_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000830","author":"S Rokicki","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rokicki, S., Cohen, J., Fink, G., Salomon, J.A., Landrum, M.B.: Inference with Difference-in-Differences with a small number of groups: A Review, simulation Study, and empirical application using SHARE data. Medical Care (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000830","journal-title":"Medical Care"},{"key":"1863_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20181169","author":"C de Chaisemartin","year":"2020","unstructured":"de Chaisemartin, C., D\u2019Haultf\u0153uille, X.: Two-Way fixed effects estimators with heterogeneous treatment effects. Am. Econ. Rev. (2020a). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/aer.20181169","journal-title":"Am. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"1863_CR58","unstructured":"de Chaisemartin, C., D\u2019Haultfoeuille, X.: Difference-in-Differences Estimators of Intertemporal Treatment Effects. Working Paper. National Bureau of Economic Research (2020)"},{"key":"1863_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfineco.2022.01.004","author":"AC Baker","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baker, A.C., Larcker, D.F., Wang, C.C.: How much should we trust staggered difference-in-differences estimates? J. Financ. Econ. (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfineco.2022.01.004","journal-title":"J. Financ. Econ."},{"key":"1863_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidheiny, K., Siegloch, S.: On Event Study Designs and Distributed-Lag Models: Equivalence, Generalization and Practical Implications. CESifo Working Paper No. 7481 (2019)","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3338836"},{"key":"1863_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jae.2508","author":"JG MacKinnon","year":"2017","unstructured":"MacKinnon, J.G., Webb, M.D.: Wild bootstrap inference for wildly different cluster sizes. Journal of Applied Econometrics (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jae.2508","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Econometrics"},{"key":"1863_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.20190159","author":"D Arkhangelsky","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arkhangelsky, D., Athey, S., Hirshberg, D.A., Imbens, G.W., Wager, S.: Synthetic Difference-in-Differences. Am. Econ. Rev. (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/aer.20190159","journal-title":"Am. Econ. Rev."},{"key":"1863_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/jasa.2009.ap08746","author":"A Abadie","year":"2010","unstructured":"Abadie, A., Diamond, A., Hainmueller, J.: Synthetic control methods for comparative case studies: Estimating the effect of california\u2019s tobacco control program. Journal of the American Statistical Association (2010). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1198\/jasa.2009.ap08746","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"1863_CR64","unstructured":"Kranz, S.: Synthetic Difference-in-Differences with Time-Varying Covariates. (2022). https:\/\/github.com\/skranz\/xsynthdid\/blob\/main\/paper\/synthdid_with_covariates.pdf Accessed 10 May 2023"},{"key":"1863_CR65","unstructured":"Borusyak, K.:\u2018\u2018EVENT_PLOT: Stata module to plot the staggered-adopted diff-in-diff (\u2018\u2018event study\u2019\u2019) estimates\u2019\u2019. Statistical Software Components S458958, Boston College Department of Economics. (2021). https:\/\/ideas.repec.org\/c\/boc\/bocode\/s458958.html"},{"key":"1863_CR66","unstructured":"Renner, I.: Verh\u00fctungsverhalten Erwachsener. Ergebnisse der Repr\u00e4sentativbefragung. ISBN 978-3-946692-64-5 , Bundeszentrale for Gesundheitliche Aufkl\u00e4rung (BZgA), K\u00f6ln. (2018). https:\/\/www.forschung.sexualaufklaerung.de\/verhuetung\/verhuetungsverhalten-2018"},{"key":"1863_CR67","unstructured":"United Nations: World Population Prospects: The 2022 Revision. (2022). https:\/\/population.un.org\/wpp\/ Accessed 2 May 2022"},{"key":"1863_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.00199","author":"G Barrett","year":"2000","unstructured":"Barrett, G., Harper, R.: Health professionals\u2019 attitudes to the deregulation of emergency contraception (or the problem of female sexuality). Sociol. Health Illn. (2000). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1467-9566.00199","journal-title":"Sociol. Health Illn."},{"key":"1863_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13625187.2020.1806998","author":"R Eastham","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eastham, R., Milligan, C., Limmer, M.: Qualitative findings about stigma as a barrier to contraception use: The case of emergency hormonal contraception in Britain and implications for future contraceptive interventions. The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13625187.2020.1806998","journal-title":"The European Journal of Contraception & Reproductive Health Care"},{"key":"1863_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1363\/3901307","author":"J Shoveller","year":"2007","unstructured":"Shoveller, J., Chabot, C., Soon, J.A., Levine, M.: Identifying barriers to emergency contraception use among young women from various Sociocultural groups in British Columbia, Canada. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health (2007). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1363\/3901307","journal-title":"Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health"},{"key":"1863_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7417\/CT.2017.1991","author":"GM Vergallo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vergallo, G.M., Zaami, S., Di Luca, N.M., Marinelli, E.: The conscientious objection: Debate on emergency contraception. Clin. Ter. (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7417\/CT.2017.1991","journal-title":"Clin. Ter."},{"key":"1863_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001894","author":"YT Yang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yang, Y.T., Sawicki, N.N.: Pharmacies\u2019 duty to dispense emergency contraception: A discussion of religious liberty. Obstet. Gynecol. (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001894","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"1863_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1215\/00703370-9931820","author":"IHM Brooks","year":"2022","unstructured":"Brooks, I.H.M., Weitzman, A.: Religiosity and Young Unmarried Women\u2019s Sexual and Contraceptive Behavior: New Evidence From a Longitudinal Panel of Young Adult Women. Demography (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1215\/00703370-9931820","journal-title":"Demography"},{"key":"1863_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0141778919894451","author":"S Calkin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Calkin, S., Kaminska, M.E.: Persistence and change in morality policy: The role of the Catholic church in the politics of abortion in Ireland and Poland. Feminist Review (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0141778919894451","journal-title":"Feminist Review"},{"key":"1863_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0964663916668247","author":"D Szelewa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Szelewa, D.: Killing \u2018Unborn children\u2019? The Catholic church and abortion law in Poland since 1989. Social & Legal Studies (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0964663916668247","journal-title":"Social & Legal Studies"},{"key":"1863_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pam.22064","author":"NV Becker","year":"2018","unstructured":"Becker, N.V.: The impact of insurance coverage on utilization of prescription contraceptives: Evidence from the affordable care act. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pam.22064","journal-title":"Journal of Policy Analysis and Management"},{"key":"1863_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Collins, E.G., Hershbein, B.: The Impact of Subsidized Birth Control for College Women: Evidence from the Deficit Reduction Act. Working Paper. SSRN Journal (SSRN Electronic Journal) (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.2269828","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2269828"},{"key":"1863_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15265160701347239","author":"RF Card","year":"2007","unstructured":"Card, R.F.: Conscientious objection and emergency contraception. The American Journal of Bioethics (2007). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15265160701347239","journal-title":"The American Journal of Bioethics"},{"key":"1863_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-019-00911-6","author":"A Said","year":"2019","unstructured":"Said, A., Ganso, M., Freudewald, L., Schulz, M.: Trends in dispensing oral emergency contraceptives and safety issues: A survey of German community pharmacists. Int. J. Clin. Pharm. (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11096-019-00911-6","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pharm."},{"key":"1863_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wagner, B.G., Cleland, K., Batur, P., Wu, J., Rothberg, M.B.: Emergency contraception: Links between providers\u2019 counseling choices, prescribing behaviors, and sociopolitical context. Soc Sci Med (2019). (1982). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112588"},{"key":"1863_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsrh-2018-200113","author":"ARA Aiken","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aiken, A.R.A., Johnson, D.M., Broussard, K., Padron, E.: Experiences of women in Ireland who accessed abortion by travelling abroad or by using abortion medication at home: A qualitative study. BMJ Sex. Reprod. Health. (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjsrh-2018-200113","journal-title":"BMJ Sex. Reprod. Health."},{"key":"1863_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2014.886724","author":"F Bloomer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bloomer, F., O\u2019Dowd, K.: Restricted access to abortion in the Republic of Ireland and Northern ireland: Exploring abortion tourism and barriers to legal reform. Culture. Health Sexuality. (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13691058.2014.886724","journal-title":"Health Sexuality"}],"container-title":["The European Journal of Health Economics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10198-025-01863-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10198-025-01863-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10198-025-01863-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T06:54:59Z","timestamp":1786085699000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10198-025-01863-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["1863"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10198-025-01863-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1618-7598","1618-7601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1618-7598","type":"print"},{"value":"1618-7601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 August 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable, as no human participants or animals were involved.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"<b>Competing interest<\/b>","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}