{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T02:43:10Z","timestamp":1786156990870,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768176000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005609","name":"University of Turku","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005609","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Health Econ"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Postponements of non-acute care during the COVID-19 pandemic commonly raised concerns about harmful health consequences and increased healthcare costs, particularly among older individuals. Using nationwide register data from Finland, we employ a regression discontinuity design to examine the effect of an age-specific stay-at-home recommendation on healthcare utilization during the first wave of the pandemic. We find that the recommendation reduced non-acute visits, such as dental care, physiotherapy, and specialized care visits, but had no effect on acute care use, including emergency department visits or inpatient stays. The reductions in dental care use were partly compensated for after the lockdown was lifted, but not in other non-acute services. Additionally, we find indicative evidence of a slight increase in mortality during the three-months post-period after the lockdown. Our findings suggest that a Scandinavian-type social distancing recommendation targeting the elderly may reduce non-acute healthcare use in the short term, thereby temporarily alleviating pressure on healthcare resources during a pandemic. However, the absence of rebound in some non-acute services highlight potential unmet needs, which may imply longer-term risks of functional decline, preventable hospitalizations, and associated healthcare costs. These findings point to the importance of policies that ensure continued access to essential non-acute care for older populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-025-01887-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T06:03:14Z","timestamp":1768197794000},"page":"1323-1349","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The effect of age-specific stay-at-home recommendation on healthcare utilization: Evidence from Finland\u2019s COVID-19 policy"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3549-9704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jukka","family":"Laaksonen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mika","family":"Kortelainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henri","family":"Salokangas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"1887_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization: Archived: WHO Timeline-COVID-19. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/27-04-2020-who-timeline---covid-19. Accessed 21 May 2024"},{"issue":"13","key":"1887_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2648","volume":"323","author":"Z Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu, Z., McGoogan, J.M.: Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) outbreak in china: Summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the chinese center for disease control and prevention. JAMA 323(13), 1239\u20131242 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2020.2648","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"18","key":"1887_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.4683","volume":"323","author":"G Onder","year":"2020","unstructured":"Onder, G., Rezza, G., Brusaferro, S.: Case-fatality rate and characteristics of patients dying in relation to covid-19 in italy. JAMA 323(18), 1775\u20131776 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2020.4683","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"1887_CR4","unstructured":"World Health Organization: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Situation Report, 51. https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/coronaviruse\/situation-reports\/20200311-sitrep-51-covid-19.pdf. Accessed 7 October 2024"},{"key":"1887_CR5","unstructured":"The response measures database: European centre for disease prevention and control. https:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/publications-data\/response-measures-database-rmd. Accessed 21 May 2024"},{"key":"1887_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Moynihan, R., Sanders, S., Michaleff, Z.A., Scott, A.M., Clark, J., To, E.J., Jones, M., Kitchener, E., Fox, M., Johansson, M., Lang, E., Duggan, A., Scott, I., Albarqouni, L.: Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on utilisation of healthcare services: A systematic review. BMJ Open 11(3),(2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-045343","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-045343"},{"key":"1887_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2021.102679","volume":"72","author":"J Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang, J., McDonald, N., Cochran, A.L., Oluyede, L., Wolfe, M., Prunkl, L.: Health care visits during the COVID-19 pandemic: A spatial and temporal analysis of mobile device data. Health Place 72, 102679 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.healthplace.2021.102679","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"key":"1887_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hartnett, K.P., Kite-Powell, A., DeVies, J., Coletta, M.A., Boehmer, T.K., Adjemian, J., Gundlapalli, A.V., Practice, N.S.S.P.C.: Impact of the covid-19 pandemic on emergency department visits \u2014 United States, January 1, 2019\u2013may 30, 2020. Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 69(23), 699\u2013704 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm6923e1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6923e1"},{"issue":"9","key":"1887_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5674","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19095674","volume":"19","author":"B Sim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sim, B., Nam, E.W.: The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on outpatient visits for all-cause and chronic diseases in Korea: A nationwide population-based study. Intern. J. Environ. Res. Pub. Health. 19(9), 5674 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19095674","journal-title":"Intern. J. Environ. Res. Pub. Health."},{"issue":"6","key":"1887_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01750-1","volume":"28","author":"C Arsenault","year":"2022","unstructured":"...Arsenault, C., Gage, A., Kim, M.K., Kapoor, N.R., Akweongo, P., Amponsah, F., Aryal, A., Asai, D., Awoonor-Williams, J.K., Ayele, W., Bedregal, P., Doubova, S.V., Dulal, M., Gadeka, D.D., Gordon-Strachan, G., Mariam, D.H., Hensman, D., Joseph, J.P., Kaewkamjornchai, P., Eshetu, M.K., Gelaw, S.K., Kubota, S., Leerapan, B., Margozzini, P., Mebratie, A.D., Mehata, S., Moshabela, M., Mthethwa, L., Nega, A., Oh, J., Park, S., Passi-Solar, A., P\u00e9rez-Cuevas, R., Phengsavanh, A., Reddy, T., Rittiphairoj, T., Sapag, J.C., Thermidor, R., Tlou, B., Valenzuela Gui\u00f1ez, F., Bauhoff, S., Kruk, M.E.: COVID-19 and resilience of healthcare systems in ten countries. Nat. Med. 28(6), 1314\u20131324 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-022-01750-1","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"1887_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-024-10987-0","volume":"24","author":"O Niemenoja","year":"2024","unstructured":"Niemenoja, O., \u00c4mm\u00e4l\u00e4, A.-J., Riihij\u00e4rvi, S., Lillrank, P., Bono, P., Taimela, S.: The impact of COVID-19 on healthcare booking and cancellation patterns: Time series analysis of private healthcare service utilisation in Finland. BMC Health Serv. Res. 24(1), 483 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-024-10987-0","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"1887_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-022-08105-z","volume":"22","author":"L Inglin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Inglin, L., Wikstr\u00f6m, K., Lamidi, M.-L., Laatikainen, T.: The adverse effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on health service usage among patients with type 2 diabetes in North Karelia. Finland. BMC Health Serv. Res. 22(1), 725 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-022-08105-z","journal-title":"Finland. BMC Health Serv. Res."},{"key":"1887_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gupta, S., Nguyen, T., Rojas, F.L., Raman, S., Lee, B., Bento, A., Simon, K., Wing, C.: Tracking public and private responses to the covid-19 epidemic: Evidence from state and local government actions. Am. J. Health Econ. 7(4) (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/716197","DOI":"10.1086\/716197"},{"key":"1887_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bonander, C., Stranges, D., Gustavsson, J., Almgren, M., Inghammar, M., Moghaddassi, M., Nilsson, A., Capdevila\u00a0Pujol, J., Steves, C., Franks, P.W., Gomez, M.F., Fall, T., Bj\u00f6rk, J., Sweden, C.S.S., Chan, A.T., Ourselin, S., Spector, T.D., Wolf, J., Kennedy, B., Fitipaldi, H., Hammar, U., Maziarz, M., Tsereteli, N., Oskolkov, N., Varotsis, G., Spiliopoulos, L.: A regression discontinuity analysis of the social distancing recommendations for older adults in Sweden during COVID-19. Eur. J. Public Health. 32(5), 799\u2013806 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/eurpub\/ckac101","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckac101"},{"issue":"2","key":"1887_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20200811","volume":"14","author":"O Altindag","year":"2022","unstructured":"Altindag, O., Erten, B., Keskin, P.: Mental health costs of lockdowns: Evidence from age-specific curfews in Turkey. Am. Econ. J. - Appl. Econ. 14(2), 320\u2013343 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257\/app.20200811","journal-title":"Am. Econ. J. - Appl. Econ."},{"issue":"4","key":"1887_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1111\/sjoe.12537","volume":"125","author":"R Kovacs","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kovacs, R., Dunaiski, M., Tukiainen, J.: The effect of compulsory face mask policies on community mobility in germany. Scand. J. Econ. 125(4), 1027\u20131055 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/sjoe.12537","journal-title":"Scand. J. Econ."},{"key":"1887_CR17","unstructured":"Rissanen, P., Parhiala, K., Kestil\u00e4, L., H\u00e4rm\u00e4, V., Honkatukia, J., Jormanainen, V.: COVID-19-epidemian vaikutukset v\u00e4est\u00f6n palvelutarpeisiin, palveluj\u00e4rjestelm\u00e4\u00e4n ja kansantalouteen \u2013 nopea vaikutusarvio. Report 8\/2020. THL (2020)"},{"key":"1887_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ziedan, E., Simon, K., Wing, C.: Effects of state COVID-19 closure policy on NON-COVID-19 health care utilization. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3386\/w27621 (2020)","DOI":"10.3386\/w27621"},{"issue":"13","key":"1887_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2953","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-023-08161-z","volume":"38","author":"C Loyd","year":"2023","unstructured":"Loyd, C., Blue, K., Turner, L., Weber, A., Guy, A., Zhang, Y., Martin, R.C., Kennedy, R.E., Brown, C.: National norms for hospitalizations due to ambulatory care sensitive conditions among adults in the us. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 38(13), 2953\u20132959 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11606-023-08161-z","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"1887_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzaa069","volume":"100","author":"JR Falvey","year":"2020","unstructured":"Falvey, J.R., Krafft, C., Kornetti, D.: The essential role of home- and community-based physical therapists during the covid-19 pandemic. Phys. Ther. 100(7), 1058\u20131061 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ptj\/pzaa069","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"1887_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"OECD, European union: Health at a glance: Europe 2022: State of health in The EU Cycle. Health at a Glance: Europe, (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/507433b0-en","DOI":"10.1787\/507433b0-en"},{"key":"1887_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gibson, O.R., Segal, L., McDermott, R.A.: A systematic review of evidence on the association between hospitalisation for chronic disease related ambulatory care sensitive conditions and primary health care resourcing. BMC Health Serv. Res. 13(1) (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6963-13-336","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-13-336"},{"key":"1887_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-022-01428-y","volume":"23","author":"W Schuettig","year":"2022","unstructured":"Schuettig, W., Sundmacher, L.: The impact of ambulatory care spending, continuity and processes of care on ambulatory care sensitive hospitalizations. Eur. J. Health. Econ. 23, 1329\u20131340 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10198-022-01428-y","journal-title":"Eur. J. Health. Econ."},{"key":"1887_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gagnon, L., Gagnon, S., Lloyd, J.: Social distancing causally impacts the spread of sars-cov-2: a U.S. nationwide event study. BMC Infect. Dis. 22(1), 787 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12879-022-07763-y","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07763-y"},{"issue":"4","key":"1887_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1007\/s00148-021-00868-9","volume":"34","author":"S Juranek","year":"2021","unstructured":"Juranek, S., Zoutman, F.T.: The effect of non-pharmaceutical interventions on the demand for health care and on mortality: Evidence from COVID-19 in Scandinavia. J. Popul. Econ. 34(4), 1299\u20131320 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00148-021-00868-9","journal-title":"J. Popul. Econ."},{"key":"1887_CR26","unstructured":"Finnish government: Government, in cooperation with the president of the republic, declares a state of emergency in Finland over Coronavirus Outbreak. https:\/\/valtioneuvosto.fi\/en\/-\/10616\/hallitus-totesi-suomen-olevan-poikkeusoloissa-koronavirustilanteen-vuoksi?languageId=en_US. Accessed 5 May 2024"},{"key":"1887_CR27","unstructured":"Finnish Government: Advice for the Over-70s on Protecting Themselves from the Coronavirus. https:\/\/valtioneuvosto.fi\/-\/1271139\/mita-yli-70-vuotiaan-pitaa-ottaa-huomioon-koronavirustilanteessa-?languageId=en_US. Accessed 5 May 2024"},{"key":"1887_CR28","unstructured":"Finnish Government: Government Decides on Recommendations to Curb the Spread of Coronavirus. https:\/\/valtioneuvosto.fi\/-\/10616\/hallitus-paatti-suosituksista-koronaviruksen-leviamisen-hillitsemiseksi?languageId=en_US. Accessed 5 May 2024"},{"key":"1887_CR29","unstructured":"Finnish Parliament: Valmiuslain K\u00e4sittelyn Aikatauluja Eduskunnassa Viikolla 12. https:\/\/www.eduskunta.fi\/FI\/tiedotteet\/Sivut\/Tiistaina-eduskunnassa.aspx. Accessed 5 May 2024"},{"key":"1887_CR30","unstructured":"Finnish Government: Restrictions on Movement to and from Uusimaa Enter Into Force on 28 March 2020. https:\/\/valtioneuvosto.fi\/-\/10616\/liikkumisrajoitukset-uudellemaalle-voimaan-28-maaliskuuta-2020-klo-00-00?languageId=en_US. Accessed 5 May 2024"},{"key":"1887_CR31","unstructured":"Blavatnik School of Government, University of Oxford: Stay-at-home Requirements During the COVID-19 Pandemic [dataset]. https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/grapher\/stay-at-home-covid. Accessed 10 November 2024"},{"key":"1887_CR32","unstructured":"Finnish Government: Government Policies to Curb Spread of Coronavirus and Protect At-risk Groups to Continue Until 13 May. https:\/\/valtioneuvosto.fi\/-\/10616\/hallituksen-linjauksia-koronavirustartuntojen-leviamisen-hidastamiseksi-ja-riskiryhmien-suojelemiseksi-jatketaan-13-5-saakka?languageId=en_US. Accessed 5 May 2024"},{"key":"1887_CR33","unstructured":"Finnish Government: Government Decided to Lift the Restrictions on Movement in Uusimaa. https:\/\/valtioneuvosto.fi\/-\/10616\/xx-1?languageId=en_US. Accessed 5 May 2024"},{"key":"1887_CR34","unstructured":"Finnish Government: Government Decides on Plan for Hybrid Strategy to Manage Coronavirus Crisis and for Gradual Lifting of Restrictions. https:\/\/valtioneuvosto.fi\/-\/10616\/hallitus-linjasi-suunnitelmasta-koronakriisin-hallinnan-hybridistrategiaksi-ja-rajoitusten-vaiheittaisesta-purkamisesta?languageId=en_US. Accessed 5 May 2024"},{"key":"1887_CR35","unstructured":"Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare: Ik\u00e4\u00e4ntyneen on Syyt\u00e4 V\u00e4ltt\u00e4\u00e4 Koronavirustartuntaa \u2013 Hyvinvointiin Ja Toimintakykyyn Kannattaa Kiinnitt\u00e4\u00e4 Huomiota. https:\/\/thl.fi\/-\/ikaantyneen-on-syyta-valttaa-koronavirustartuntaa-hyvinvointiin-ja-toimintakykyyn-kannattaa-kiinnittaa-huomiota. Accessed 5 May 2024"},{"key":"1887_CR36","unstructured":"Finnish government: Government updates policies on border issues, remote working and recommendations for persons over 70 Years of Age. https:\/\/valtioneuvosto.fi\/-\/10616\/hallitus-linjasi-neuvottelussaan-rajakysymyksista-etatyosta-ja-yli-70-vuotiaita-koskevista-suosituksista?languageId=en_US. Accessed 5 May 2024"},{"key":"1887_CR37","unstructured":"Google: Community mobility reports [dataset]. https:\/\/www.google.com\/covid19\/mobility\/?hl=en. Accessed 7 September 2024"},{"key":"1887_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2024.102866","volume":"94","author":"T Haaga","year":"2024","unstructured":"Haaga, T., B\u00f6ckerman, P., Kortelainen, M., Tukiainen, J.: Effects of nurse visit copayment on primary care use: Do low-income households pay the price? J. Health Econ. 94, 102866 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2024.102866","journal-title":"J. Health Econ."},{"key":"1887_CR39","unstructured":"Finnish institute for health and welfare: Vakavan Koronataudin Riskiryhm\u00e4t. https:\/\/thl.fi\/aiheet\/infektiotaudit-ja-rokotukset\/rokotteet-a-o\/koronarokotteet\/eri-ryhmien-koronarokotukset\/vakavan-koronataudin-riskiryhmat. Accessed 1 April 2024"},{"issue":"3","key":"1887_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.3982\/ECTA11757","volume":"30","author":"S Calonico","year":"2014","unstructured":"Calonico, S., Cattaneo, M.D., Titiunik, R.: Robust nonparametric confidence intervals for regression-discontinuity designs. Economet. Theor. 30(3), 546\u2013557 (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3982\/ECTA11757","journal-title":"Economet. Theor."},{"key":"1887_CR41","unstructured":"Finnish institute for health and welfare: Koronan Vaikutukset Vaihtelevat Alueittain \u2013 Eroja My\u00f6s Ik\u00e4\u00e4ntyneill\u00e4 Sek\u00e4 Toimintarajoitteisilla Verrattuna Muuhun V\u00e4est\u00f6\u00f6n. https:\/\/www.terveytemme.fi\/finsote\/korona2020\/doc\/FinSote_koronan_vaikutukset_syksy2020.pdf. Accessed 14 September 2024"},{"issue":"2","key":"1887_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X1701700208","volume":"17","author":"S Calonico","year":"2017","unstructured":"Calonico, S., Cattaneo, M.D., Farrell, M.H., Titiunik, R.: rdrobust: Software for regression discontinuity designs. Stata J. 17(2), 372\u2013404 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1536867X1701700208","journal-title":"Stata J."},{"issue":"4","key":"1887_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0262.2005.00615.x","volume":"73","author":"JP Romano","year":"2005","unstructured":"Romano, J.P., Wolf, M.: Stepwise multiple testing as formalized data snooping. Econometrica 73(4), 1237\u20131282 (2005). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-0262.2005.00615.x","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"issue":"469","key":"1887_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1198\/016214504000000539","volume":"100","author":"JP Romano","year":"2005","unstructured":"Romano, J.P., Wolf, M.: Exact and approximate stepdown methods for multiple hypothesis testing. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 100(469), 94\u2013108 (2005). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1198\/016214504000000539","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"issue":"4","key":"1887_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X20976314","volume":"20","author":"D Clarke","year":"2020","unstructured":"Clarke, D., Romano, J.P., Wolf, M.: The romano-wolf multiple-hypothesis correction in stata. SJ. 20(4), 812\u2013843 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1536867X20976314","journal-title":"SJ."},{"key":"1887_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"OECD, European Observatory on health systems and policies: Finland: Country Health Profile 2021. State of Health in the EU, (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/2e74e317-en","DOI":"10.1787\/2e74e317-en"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"1887_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1177\/08982643211002084","volume":"33","author":"P Lu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lu, P., Kong, D., Shelley, M.: Risk perception, preventive behavior, and medical care avoidance among American older adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic. J. Aging Health 33(7\u20138), 577\u2013584 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08982643211002084","journal-title":"J. Aging Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"1887_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1007\/s41999-021-00514-3","volume":"12","author":"NA Schuster","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schuster, N.A., De Breij, S., Schaap, L.A., Van Schoor, N.M., Peters, M.J.L., De Jongh, R.T., Huisman, M., Hoogendijk, E.O.: Older adults report cancellation or avoidance of medical care during the COVID-19 pandemic: Results from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. Eur Geriatr Med. 12(5), 1075\u20131083 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41999-021-00514-3","journal-title":"Eur Geriatr Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"1887_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-021-07446-5","volume":"22","author":"S Ahn","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ahn, S., Kim, S., Koh, K.: Associations of the COVID-19 pandemic with older individuals\u2019 healthcare utilization and self-reported health status: a longitudinal analysis from Singapore. BMC Health Serv. Res. 22(1), 66 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12913-021-07446-5","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"1887_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-022-02995-8","volume":"22","author":"B Han","year":"2022","unstructured":"Han, B., Guan, H.: Associations between new health conditions and healthcare service utilizations among older adults in the United Kingdom: effects of COVID-19 risks, worse financial situation, and lowered income. BMC Geriatr. 22(1), 356 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-022-02995-8","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"issue":"2","key":"1887_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6773.2006.00626.x","volume":"42","author":"JC Prentice","year":"2007","unstructured":"Prentice, J.C., Pizer, S.D.: Delayed access to health care and mortality. Health Serv. Res. 42(2), 644\u2013662 (2007). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1475-6773.2006.00626.x","journal-title":"Health Serv. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"1887_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2009.02.035","volume":"155","author":"AD Kraft","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kraft, A.D., Quimbo, S.A., Solon, O., Shimkhada, R., Florentino, J., Peabody, J.W.: The health and cost impact of care delay and the experimental impact of insurance on reducing delays. J. Pediatr. 155(2), 281\u20132851 (2009). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2009.02.035","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"issue":"6","key":"1887_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.17805","volume":"70","author":"S Zhong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhong, S., Huisingh-Scheetz, M., Huang, E.S.: Delayed medical care and its perceived health impact among US older adults during the covid-19 pandemic. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 70(6), 1620\u20131628 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jgs.17805","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"1887_CR54","unstructured":"Kela: Koronapandemia Vauhditti Digiloikkaa L\u00e4\u00e4k\u00e4reiden Et\u00e4palveluissa \u2013 Onko Et\u00e4vastaanotoissa Ratkaisu Hoitoon P\u00e4\u00e4syn Ongelmiin? https:\/\/tietotarjotin.fi\/en\/research-blog\/720745\/koronapandemia-vauhditti-digiloikkaa-laakareiden-etapalveluissa-onko-etavastaanotoissa-ratkaisu-hoitoon-paasyn-ongelmiin. Accessed 14 September 2024"},{"issue":"8","key":"1887_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"0255126","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255126","volume":"16","author":"M Nurminen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nurminen, M., Blomgren, J., Mikkola, H.: Socioeconomic differences in utilization of public and private dental care in finland: Register-based evidence on a population aged 25 and over. PLoS ONE 16(8), 0255126 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0255126","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1887_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nguyen, L., H\u00e4kkinen, U.: Choices and utilization in dental care: Public vs. private dental sectors, and the impact of a two-channel financed health care system. Eur. J. Health Econ. 7, 99\u2013106 (2006). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10198-006-0344-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-006-0344-3"},{"issue":"8","key":"1887_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20150526","volume":"96","author":"JR Falvey","year":"2016","unstructured":"Falvey, J.R., Burke, R.E., Malone, D., Ridgeway, K.J., McManus, B.M., Stevens-Lapsley, J.E.: Role of physical therapists in reducing hospital readmissions: Optimizing outcomes for older adults during care transitions from hospital to community. Phys. Ther. 96(8), 1125\u20131134 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2522\/ptj.20150526","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"1887_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcssler-Fiorenza\u00a0Rose, S.M.e.a.: Potentially avoidable hospitalizations among people at different activity of daily living limitation stages. Health Serv. Res. 52(1), 132\u2013155 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1475-6773.12484","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.12484"},{"issue":"1","key":"1887_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.11.033","volume":"82","author":"D Piovani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Piovani, D., Christodoulou, M.N., Hadjidemetriou, A., Pantavou, K., Zaza, P., Bagos, P.G., Bonovas, S., Nikolopoulos, G.K.: Effect of early application of social distancing interventions on COVID-19 mortality over the first pandemic wave: An analysis of longitudinal data from 37 countries. J. Infect. 82(1), 133\u2013142 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.11.033","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"issue":"1","key":"1887_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13546-6","volume":"22","author":"J Stokes","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stokes, J., Turner, A.J., Anselmi, L., Morciano, M., Hone, T.: The relative effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions on wave one Covid-19 mortality: natural experiment in 130 countries. BMC Pub. Health. 22(1), 1113 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-022-13546-6","journal-title":"BMC Pub. Health."},{"key":"1887_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2022.112","volume":"221","author":"A Maguire","year":"2022","unstructured":"Maguire, A., Kent, L., O\u2019Neill, S., O\u2019Hagan, D., O\u2019Reilly, D.: Impact of the covid-19 pandemic on psychotropic medication uptake: time-series analysis of a population-wide cohort. Br. J. Psychiatry 221, 748\u2013757 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.2022.112","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1887_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4782","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19084782","volume":"19","author":"M Gonz\u00e1lez-L\u00f3pez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-L\u00f3pez, M., et al.: Consumption of psychiatric drugs in primary care during the covid-19 pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 19, 4782 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph19084782","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"1887_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2020.1834139","volume":"53","author":"C Gagliotti","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gagliotti, C., Buttazzi, R., Ricchizzi, E., Di Mario, S., Tedeschi, S., Moro, M.L.: Community use of antibiotics during the covid-19 lockdown. Infect. Dis. 53(2), 142\u2013144 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23744235.2020.1834139","journal-title":"Infect. Dis."},{"key":"1887_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.946077","volume":"10","author":"M Fukushige","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fukushige, M., Ngo, N.H., Lukmanto, D., Fukuda, S., Ohneda, O.: Effect of the covid-19 pandemic on antibiotic consumption: A systematic review comparing 2019 and 2020 data. Front. Public Health 10, 946077 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.946077","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"1887_CR65","first-page":"65","volume":"6","author":"S Holm","year":"1979","unstructured":"Holm, S.: A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure. Scand. J. Stat. Theory Appl. 6(2), 65\u201370 (1979)","journal-title":"Scand. J. Stat. Theory Appl."},{"key":"1887_CR66","unstructured":"Clarke, D.: RWOLF2: Stata module to calculate Romano-Wolf stepdown p-values for multiple hypothesis testing. Statistical Software Components S458970, Boston College Department of Economics (2021). https:\/\/github.com\/damiancclarke\/rwolf2"}],"container-title":["The European Journal of Health Economics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10198-025-01887-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10198-025-01887-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10198-025-01887-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T01:56:45Z","timestamp":1786154205000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10198-025-01887-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["1887"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10198-025-01887-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1618-7598","1618-7601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1618-7598","type":"print"},{"value":"1618-7601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors state that they have no conflicts of interest to disclose.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"An ethics approval is not required as the research project is solely based on register data.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}