{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T21:57:32Z","timestamp":1781647052051,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775433600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100024811","name":"Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100024811","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Health Econ"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Children from low-income families experience worse mental health than their wealthier peers. In this study, we quantified income inequalities in child mental health from early childhood to adolescence and identified key contributing factors explaining observed inequalities. Using data from the UK Millennium Cohort Study, we followed 5,667 children aged 3 to 17. We analysed overall mental health problems and their internalising and externalising domains, assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. We applied a concentration index approach to quantify these inequalities, incorporating both relative and absolute inequality measures. We then decomposed the concentration index to analyse the contribution of various risk factors at different ages. We found inequalities across all mental health domains at every age, with poor mental health concentrated among children from low-income families, and an increasing inequality in internalising problems over time. The decomposition analysis showed that maternal depression and child-parent relationships were key contributors to these inequalities. These findings highlight the importance of addressing income inequalities in child mental health. Reducing inequalities in maternal depression and child-parent relationships may help reduce the mental health gap between children from low- and high-income families.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-026-01918-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T05:55:24Z","timestamp":1775454924000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Measuring and decomposing income inequalities in child and adolescent mental health in the UK"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1214-3426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murong","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Carson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mara","family":"Violato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"1918_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuh, D., Shlomo, Y.B.: A life course approach to chronic disease epidemiology. Oxford University Press (2004)","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198578154.001.0001"},{"key":"1918_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.116235","volume":"336","author":"C Coustaury","year":"2023","unstructured":"Coustaury, C., Jeannot, E., Moreau, A., Nietge, C., Maharani, A., Richards, L., et al.: Subjective socioeconomic status and self-rated health in the English Longitudinal Study of Aging: A fixed-effects analysis. Soc. Sci. Med. 336, 116235 (2023)","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"1918_CR3","unstructured":"UN Commission for Social Development: Inequality Must Be Addressed through Social Protection Policies, Speakers Stress, as Commission for Social Development Opens 2019 Session 2019 [Available from: https:\/\/press.un.org\/en\/2019\/soc4873.doc.htm"},{"key":"1918_CR4","unstructured":"Office for Health Improvement: & Disparities. Health disparities and health inequalities: applying All Our Health. (2022)"},{"key":"1918_CR5","unstructured":"House of Commons Library: Mental health statistics: prevalence, services and funding in England. (2024)"},{"key":"1918_CR6","unstructured":"NHS: Advancing mental health equalities strategy 2020"},{"issue":"5","key":"1918_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1257\/000282802762024520","volume":"92","author":"A Case","year":"2002","unstructured":"Case, A., Lubotsky, D., Paxson, C.: Economic status and health in childhood: The origins of the gradient. Am. Econ. Rev. 92(5), 1308\u20131334 (2002)","journal-title":"Am. Econ. Rev."},{"issue":"5","key":"1918_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1257\/000282803322655563","volume":"93","author":"J Currie","year":"2003","unstructured":"Currie, J., Stabile, M.: Socioeconomic status and child health: why is the relationship stronger for older children? Am. Econ. Rev. 93(5), 1813\u20131823 (2003)","journal-title":"Am. Econ. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"1918_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01161-7","volume":"27","author":"M Solmi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Solmi, M., Radua, J., Olivola, M., Croce, E., Soardo, L., Salazar de Pablo, G., et al.: Age at onset of mental disorders worldwide: large-scale meta-analysis of 192 epidemiological studies. Mol. Psychiatry. 27(1), 281\u2013295 (2022)","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"1918_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2019.05.003","volume":"65","author":"DW Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee, D.W., Shin, J., Choi, D.W., Kim, K., Park, E.C.: Effects of Household Income Change on Children\u2019s Problem Behavior: Findings From a Longitudinal Study. J. Adolesc. Health. 65(4), 527\u2013535 (2019)","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"1918_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12649","volume":"88","author":"EA Garratt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Garratt, E.A., Chandola, T., Purdam, K., Wood, A.M.: Income and Social Rank Influence UK Children\u2019s Behavioral Problems: A Longitudinal Analysis. Child Dev. 88(4), 1302\u20131320 (2017)","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"issue":"9","key":"1918_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwv317","volume":"183","author":"R Hamad","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hamad, R., Rehkopf, D.H.: Poverty and Child Development: A Longitudinal Study of the Impact of the Earned Income Tax Credit. Am. J. Epidemiol. 183(9), 775\u2013784 (2016)","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"1918_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2018.03.002","volume":"4","author":"K Noonan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Noonan, K., Burns, R., Violato, M.: Family income, maternal psychological distress and child socio-emotional behaviour: Longitudinal findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study. SSM Popul. Health. 4, 280\u2013290 (2018)","journal-title":"SSM Popul. Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"1918_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.1665","volume":"20","author":"M Violato","year":"2011","unstructured":"Violato, M., Petrou, S., Gray, R., Redshaw, M.: Family income and child cognitive and behavioural development in the United Kingdom: does money matter? Health Econ. 20(10), 1201\u20131225 (2011)","journal-title":"Health Econ."},{"issue":"10","key":"1918_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-013-9954-0","volume":"42","author":"BG Shapero","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shapero, B.G., Steinberg, L.: Emotional reactivity and exposure to household stress in childhood predict psychological problems in adolescence. J. Youth Adolescence. 42(10), 1573\u20131582 (2013)","journal-title":"J. Youth Adolescence"},{"issue":"1","key":"1918_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-019-01106-6","volume":"21","author":"R Khanam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khanam, R., Nghiem, S., Rahman, M.: The income gradient and child mental health in Australia: does it vary by assessors? Eur. J. Health Econ. 21(1), 19\u201336 (2020)","journal-title":"Eur. J. Health Econ."},{"key":"1918_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adjei, N.K., Schluter, D.K., Straatmann, V.S., Melis, G., Fleming, K.M., McGovern, R., et al.: Impact of poverty and family adversity on adolescent health: a multi-trajectory analysis using the UK Millennium Cohort Study. Lancet Reg. Health-Europe ;13. (2022)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2021.100279"},{"issue":"11","key":"1918_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-019-01305-9","volume":"28","author":"S Collishaw","year":"2019","unstructured":"Collishaw, S., Furzer, E., Thapar, A.K., Sellers, R.: Brief report: a comparison of child mental health inequalities in three UK population cohorts. Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry. 28(11), 1547\u20131549 (2019)","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1918_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2023.101534","volume":"24","author":"M Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang, M., Carson, C., Creswell, C., Violato, M.: Child mental health and income gradient from early childhood to adolescence: Evidence from the UK. SSM Popul. Health. 24, 101534 (2023)","journal-title":"SSM Popul. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1918_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-025-01702-4","volume":"83","author":"M Yang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yang, M., Violato, M., Carson, C.: The changing role of family income in mental health from childhood to adolescence: findings from a UK longitudinal study. Archives Public. Health. 83(1), 224 (2025)","journal-title":"Archives Public. Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"1918_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(91)90212-U","volume":"33","author":"A Wagstaff","year":"1991","unstructured":"Wagstaff, A., Paci, P., van Doorslaer, E.: On the measurement of inequalities in health. Soc. Sci. Med. 33(5), 545\u2013557 (1991)","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"1918_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118159","volume":"378","author":"YW Chua","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chua, Y.W., Schl\u00fcter, D., Pearce, A., Sharp, H., Taylor-Robinson, D.: Socioeconomic inequalities in mental health difficulties over childhood: a longitudinal sex-stratified analysis using the UK Millennium Cohort Study. Soc. Sci. Med. 378, 118159 (2025)","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"1918_CR23","volume-title":"Analyzing health equity using household survey data: a guide to techniques and their implementation","author":"O O\u2019Donnell","year":"2008","unstructured":"O\u2019Donnell, O., Van Doorslaer, E., Wagstaff, A., Lindelow, M.: Analyzing health equity using household survey data: a guide to techniques and their implementation. The World Bank, Washington, DC (2008)"},{"key":"1918_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Near, C.E.: Mediators of the relation of family income with adolescent behaviour problems and cognitive achievement: Material hardship, parent distress, and parent support. Infant Child. Dev. ;31(4). (2022)","DOI":"10.1002\/icd.2316"},{"key":"1918_CR25","unstructured":"Mayer, S.E.: What money can\u2019t buy: Family income and children\u2019s life chances. Harvard University Press (1997)"},{"issue":"3, Part 2","key":"1918_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1086\/298118","volume":"4","author":"GS Becker","year":"1986","unstructured":"Becker, G.S., Tomes, N.: Human capital and the rise and fall of families. J. Labor Econ. 4(3, Part 2), S1\u2013S39 (1986)","journal-title":"J. Labor Econ."},{"issue":"6","key":"1918_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8624.t01-1-00511","volume":"73","author":"WJ Yeung","year":"2002","unstructured":"Yeung, W.J., Linver, M.R., Brooks\u2013Gunn, J.: How money matters for young children\u2019s development: Parental investment and family processes. Child Dev. 73(6), 1861\u20131879 (2002)","journal-title":"Child Dev."},{"issue":"3","key":"1918_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1007\/s13524-016-0466-x","volume":"53","author":"R Khanam","year":"2016","unstructured":"Khanam, R., Nghiem, S.: Family income and child cognitive and noncognitive development in Australia: Does money matter? Demography. 53(3), 597\u2013621 (2016)","journal-title":"Demography"},{"issue":"2","key":"1918_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6296(02)00101-7","volume":"22","author":"J Wildman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wildman, J.: Income related inequalities in mental health in Great Britain: analysing the causes of health inequality over time. J. Health. Econ. 22(2), 295\u2013312 (2003)","journal-title":"J. Health. Econ."},{"key":"1918_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2016.03.006","volume":"48","author":"G Heckley","year":"2016","unstructured":"Heckley, G., Gerdtham, U.-G., Kjellsson, G.: A general method for decomposing the causes of socioeconomic inequality in health. J. Health. Econ. 48, 89\u2013106 (2016)","journal-title":"J. Health. Econ."},{"issue":"9","key":"1918_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0257573","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0257573","volume":"16","author":"MI Islam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Islam, M.I., Ormsby, G.M., Kabir, E., Khanam, R.: Estimating income-related and area-based inequalities in mental health among nationally representative adolescents in Australia: The concentration index approach. PloS one. 16(9), e0257573 (2021)","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"issue":"7","key":"1918_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-019-01073-y","volume":"20","author":"J Ride","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ride, J.: Is socioeconomic inequality in postnatal depression an early-life root of disadvantage for children? Eur. J. Health Econ. 20(7), 1013\u20131027 (2019)","journal-title":"Eur. J. Health Econ."},{"key":"1918_CR33","volume-title":"Millennium Cohort Study A Guide to the Datasets (Eighth Edition). First, Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Surveys","author":"K Hansen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hansen, K.: Millennium Cohort Study A Guide to the Datasets (Eighth Edition). First, Second, Third, Fourth and Fifth Surveys. Centre for Longitudinal Studies, London (2014)"},{"key":"1918_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"University of London, Institude of Education, Centre for Longitudinal Studies: Millennium Cohort Study: First Survey, 2001\u20132003 (SN: 4683; Version 12th Edition) UK Data Service. (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5255\/UKDA-SN-4683-4","DOI":"10.5255\/UKDA-SN-4683-4"},{"key":"1918_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5255\/UKDA-SN-5350-4","author":"University of London","year":"2017","unstructured":"University of London, Institude of Education, Centre for Longitudinal Studies: Millennium Cohort Study: Second Survey, 2003\u20132005 (SN: 5350; Version 9th Edition). UK Data Service. (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5255\/UKDA-SN-5350-4","journal-title":"UK Data Service"},{"key":"1918_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"University of London, Institude of Education, Centre for Longitudinal Studies: Millennium Cohort Study: Third Survey, 2006 (SN: 5795; Version 7th Edition) UK Data Service. (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5255\/UKDA-SN-5795-4","DOI":"10.5255\/UKDA-SN-5795-4"},{"key":"1918_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"University of London, Institude of Education, Centre for Longitudinal Studies: Millennium Cohort Study: Fourth Survey, 2008 (SN: 6411; Version 7th Edition) UK Data Service. (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5255\/UKDA-SN-6411-7","DOI":"10.5255\/UKDA-SN-6411-7"},{"key":"1918_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5255\/UKDA-SN-7464-4","author":"University of London, Institude of Education, Centre for Longitudinal Studies","year":"2017","unstructured":"University of London, Institude of Education, Centre for Longitudinal Studies: Millennium Cohort Study: Fifth Survey, 2012 (SN: 7464; Version 4th Edition). UK Data Service. (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5255\/UKDA-SN-7464-4","journal-title":"UK Data Service"},{"key":"1918_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"University of London, Institude of Education, Centre for Longitudinal Studies: Millennium Cohort Study: Sixth Survey, 2015 (SN: 8156; Version 4th Edition) UK Data Service. (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5255\/UKDA-SN-8156-4","DOI":"10.5255\/UKDA-SN-8156-4"},{"key":"1918_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"University of London, Institude of Education, Centre for Longitudinal Studies: Millennium Cohort Study: Seventh Survey, 2018 (SN: 8682; Version 2th Edition) UK Data Service. (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5255\/UKDA-SN-8682-2","DOI":"10.5255\/UKDA-SN-8682-2"},{"key":"1918_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5255\/UKDA-SN-8753-1","author":"University of London","year":"2021","unstructured":"University of London, Institude of Education, Centre for Longitudinal Studies: Millennium Cohort Study, Sweeps 1\u20137, 2001\u20132019: Socio-Economic, Accommodation and Occupational Data: Secure Access (SN: 8753; Version 1st Edition). UK Data Service. (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5255\/UKDA-SN-8753-1","journal-title":"UK Data Service"},{"key":"1918_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5255\/UKDA-SN-8754-1","author":"University of London","year":"2021","unstructured":"University of London, Institude of Education: Millennium Cohort Study, Sweeps 1\u20137, 2001\u20132019: Self-Reported Health, Behaviour and Fertility: Secure Access (SN: 8754; Version 1st Edition). UK Data Service. (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5255\/UKDA-SN-8754-1 Centre for Longitudinal Studies","journal-title":"UK Data Service"},{"key":"1918_CR43","volume-title":"Millennium Cohort Study Sixth Survey 2015\u20132016 User Guide (First Edition)","author":"E Fitzsimons","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fitzsimons, E.: Millennium Cohort Study Sixth Survey 2015\u20132016 User Guide (First Edition). Centre for Longitudinal Studies, London (2017)"},{"issue":"1","key":"1918_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022658222914","volume":"27","author":"R Goodman","year":"1999","unstructured":"Goodman, R., Scott, S.: Comparing the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and the Child Behavior Checklist: is small beautiful? J. Abnorm. Child. Psychol. 27(1), 17\u201324 (1999)","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child. Psychol."},{"issue":"3","key":"1918_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s007870050057","volume":"7","author":"R Goodman","year":"1998","unstructured":"Goodman, R., Meltzer, H., Bailey, V.: The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: A pilot study on the validity of the self-report version. Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry. 7(3), 125\u2013130 (1998)","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"1918_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x","volume":"38","author":"R Goodman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Goodman, R.: The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: a research note. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry. 38(5), 581\u2013586 (1997)","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"1918_CR47","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics: Chapter 3: Equivalised income 2015 [Available from: https:\/\/mdanderson.libanswers.com\/faq\/26219"},{"key":"1918_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2014.01.003","volume":"16","author":"B Walsh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Walsh, B., Cullinan, J.: Decomposing socioeconomic inequalities in childhood obesity: Evidence from Ireland. Econ. Hum. Biology. 16, 60\u201372 (2015)","journal-title":"Econ. Hum. Biology"},{"issue":"2","key":"1918_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1086\/259880","volume":"80","author":"M Grossman","year":"1972","unstructured":"Grossman, M.: On the concept of health capital and the demand for health. J. Polit. Econ. 80(2), 223\u2013255 (1972)","journal-title":"J. Polit. Econ."},{"issue":"5","key":"1918_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-6296(99)00041-7","volume":"19","author":"L Jacobson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Jacobson, L.: The family as producer of health\u2014an extended Grossman model. J. Health. Econ. 19(5), 611\u2013637 (2000)","journal-title":"J. Health. Econ."},{"issue":"1","key":"1918_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2214.2011.01325.x","volume":"39","author":"L Ramasubramanian","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ramasubramanian, L., Lane, S., Rahman, A.: The association between maternal serious psychological distress and child obesity at 3 years: a cross-sectional analysis of the UK Millennium Cohort Data. Child. Care Health Dev. 39(1), 134\u2013140 (2013)","journal-title":"Child. Care Health Dev."},{"key":"1918_CR52","unstructured":"Driscoll, K., Pianta, R.C.: Mothers\u2019 and Fathers\u2019 Perceptions of Conflict and Closeness in Parent-Child Relationships during Early Childhood. J. Early Child. Infant Psychol. 2011(7)."},{"issue":"4","key":"1918_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2011.04.004","volume":"30","author":"G Erreygers","year":"2011","unstructured":"Erreygers, G., Van Ourti, T.: Measuring socioeconomic inequality in health, health care and health financing by means of rank-dependent indices: A recipe for good practice. J. Health. Econ. 30(4), 685\u2013694 (2011)","journal-title":"J. Health. Econ."},{"issue":"2","key":"1918_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2008.02.003","volume":"28","author":"G Erreygers","year":"2009","unstructured":"Erreygers, G.: Correcting the Concentration Index. J. Health. Econ. 28(2), 504\u2013515 (2009)","journal-title":"J. Health. Econ."},{"issue":"1","key":"1918_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4076(02)00161-6","volume":"112","author":"A Wagstaff","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wagstaff, A., van Doorslaer, E., Watanabe, N.: On decomposing the causes of health sector inequalities with an application to malnutrition inequalities in Vietnam. J. Econ. 112(1), 207\u2013223 (2003)","journal-title":"J. Econ."},{"issue":"1","key":"1918_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X1601600112","volume":"16","author":"O O\u2019Donnell","year":"2016","unstructured":"O\u2019Donnell, O., O\u2019Neill, S., Van Ourti, T., Walsh, B.: Conindex: Estimation of Concentration Indices. Stata J. 16(1), 112\u2013138 (2016)","journal-title":"Stata J."},{"key":"1918_CR57","unstructured":"StataCorp: Stata Statistical Software: Release 16. StataCorp LLC: College Station, TX (2019)"},{"key":"1918_CR58","unstructured":"Youthinmind: Scoring the SDQ 2012 [Available from: https:\/\/www.sdqinfo.org\/py\/sdqinfo\/c0.py"},{"key":"1918_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470316696","volume-title":"Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys","author":"D Rubin","year":"1987","unstructured":"Rubin, D.: Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys. John Wiley, New York (1987)"},{"key":"1918_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econedurev.2016.07.004","volume":"54","author":"JM Fletcher","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fletcher, J.M., Wolfe, B.: The importance of family income in the formation and evolution of non-cognitive skills in childhood. Econ. Educ. Rev. 54, 143\u2013154 (2016)","journal-title":"Econ. Educ. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"1918_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12963-022-00299-y","volume":"20","author":"P Contoyannis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Contoyannis, P., Hurley, J., Walli-Attaei, M.: When the technical is also normative: a critical assessment of measuring health inequalities using the concentration index-based indices. Popul. Health Metrics. 20(1), 1\u201315 (2022)","journal-title":"Popul. Health Metrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"1918_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0009.2010.00614.x","volume":"88","author":"Y Asada","year":"2010","unstructured":"Asada, Y.: On the choice of absolute or relative inequality measures. Milbank Q. 88(4), 616\u2013622 (2010). discussion 23\u2009\u2013\u20097","journal-title":"Milbank Q."},{"issue":"5","key":"1918_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000319","volume":"26","author":"G Kjellsson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kjellsson, G., Gerdtham, U.G., Petrie, D., Lies: Damned Lies, and Health Inequality Measurements: Understanding the Value Judgments. Epidemiology. 26(5), 673\u2013680 (2015)","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"1918_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2017.07.010","volume":"17","author":"T Hollenstein","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hollenstein, T., Tighe, A.B., Lougheed, J.P.: Emotional development in the context of mother\u2013child relationships. Curr. Opin. Psychol. 17, 140\u2013144 (2017)","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychol."},{"key":"1918_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2021.100817","volume":"14","author":"S Hope","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hope, S., Pearce, A., Cortina-Borja, M., Chittleborough, C., Barlow, J., Law, C.: Modelling the potential for parenting skills interventions to reduce inequalities and population prevalence of children\u2019s mental health problems: Evidence from the Millennium Cohort Study. SSM - Popul. health. 14, 100817 (2021)","journal-title":"SSM - Popul. health"},{"key":"1918_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ho, L.L.K., Li, W.H.C., Cheung, A.T., Luo, Y.H., Xia, W., Chung, J.O.K.: Impact of Poverty on Parent-Child Relationships, Parental Stress, and Parenting Practices. Front. Public. Health ;10. (2022)","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.849408"},{"key":"1918_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freeman, A., Tyrovolas, S., Koyanagi, A., Chatterji, S., Leonardi, M., Ayuso-Mateos, J.L., et al.: The role of socio-economic status in depression: results from the COURAGE (aging survey in Europe). Bmc Public. Health ;16. (2016)","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3638-0"},{"key":"1918_CR68","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics: Average income by tenure 2021 [Available from: https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/personalandhouseholdfinances\/incomeandwealth\/adhocs\/12845averageincomebytenure"},{"key":"1918_CR69","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Health & Human Services: Early Head Start Program Options 2023 [Available from: https:\/\/eclkc.ohs.acf.hhs.gov\/programs\/article\/early-head-start-program-options"},{"key":"1918_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cattan, S., Conti, G., Farquharson, C., Ginja, R.: The health effects of Sure Start. The Institute for Fiscal Studies (2019)","DOI":"10.1920\/re.ifs.2019.0155"}],"container-title":["The European Journal of Health Economics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10198-026-01918-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10198-026-01918-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10198-026-01918-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T21:30:52Z","timestamp":1781645452000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10198-026-01918-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]},"references-count":70,"alternative-id":["1918"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10198-026-01918-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1618-7598","1618-7601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1618-7598","type":"print"},{"value":"1618-7601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}