{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T02:18:42Z","timestamp":1788229122877,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Health Econ"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Migraine is a highly prevalent neurological disorder associated with substantial disability and economic burden. Considering the recent introduction of anti-calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), expenditure analysis are needed to evaluate a rapidly evolving therapeutic field. Therefore, we analyzed national pharmaco-utilization trends of antimigraine drugs in Italy over the decade 2014\u20132023 using publicly available data from the \u201c\n                      <jats:italic>Osservatorio Nazionale sull\u2019Impiego dei Medicinali<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u201d (OsMed) report of the Italian Medicines Agency (AIFA).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All antimigraine drugs reimbursed by the National Health Service and classified under the antimigraine drug group were included. Indicators comprised defined daily doses (DDD) per 1,000 inhabitants per day, per-capita expenditure, cost per DDD, and user-level measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 2023, 0.6% of the Italian population received antimigraine drugs, with a median age of 51 years and a marked female predominance. National expenditure reached \u20ac92 million, corresponding to \u20ac1.56 per capita and 0.4% of pharmaceutical spending, with consumption of 1.2 DDD\/1,000 inhabitants per day. Triptans accounted for 65% of costs and 75% of use, remaining the dominant class. Anti-CGRP mAbs, introduced in 2019, rapidly expanded to represent 35% of expenditure in 2023, with the highest cost per DDD. Historical classes such as ergot alkaloids and other antimigraine agents declined to negligible levels. Over the decade, consumption increased modestly (compound annual growth rate\u2009+\u20093.1%) while expenditure rose more slowly (+\u20091.5%), with costs escalation after the introduction of anti-CGRP mAbs. Of note, the overall expending for novel anti-CGRP drugs remains limited when considering the high prevalence of migraine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings highlight the evolving therapeutic scenario of migraine in Italy, the impact of innovation on budget, and the need for real-world studies integrating pharmaco-utilization, direct and indirect costs and clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-026-01977-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T01:52:36Z","timestamp":1788227556000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Costs and use of antimigraine drugs in Italy: a ten-year analysis of national data"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3598-0195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi Francesco","family":"Iannone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Romozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Calabresi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"De Icco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raffaele","family":"Ornello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Tassorelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Sacco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierangelo","family":"Geppetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"1977_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(25)00402-8","volume":"24","author":"AK Hus\u2298y","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hus\u2298y, A. 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Cephalalgia 23(3):175\u2013182.","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"}],"container-title":["The European Journal of Health Economics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10198-026-01977-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10198-026-01977-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10198-026-01977-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T01:52:37Z","timestamp":1788227557000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10198-026-01977-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"references-count":27,"alternative-id":["1977"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10198-026-01977-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1618-7598","1618-7601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1618-7598","type":"print"},{"value":"1618-7601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The data distribution license used by AIFA is CC-BY (Attribution), version 4.0. This license allows third parties to distribute, modify, optimize, and use the data, including for commercial purposes, provided that the source is cited. Other information at:\n                      \n                      . Osmed data can be accessed at\n                      \n                      . Any other data extrapolated and synthesized for the Osmed report are available upon request.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Data access and utilization","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"LFI received financial support, consulting fees for the participation in advisory boards and support for attending meetings from: Teva, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Pfizer, Organon and AbbVie; he is Associate Editor for Frontiers in Neurology Headache and Neurogenic Pain section. Junior Editor in Cephalalgia and Cephalalgia report. RO reports personal fees from AbbVie, Bayer, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Novartis, Organon, Pfizer, and Teva. CT has received, in the last 3 years, personal fees for participation in advisory boards or for speaking at sponsored symposia from AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Ipsen, Lundbeck, Medscape, Pfizer, Organon and Teva. Her research group has received research grants from AbbVie, EraNet Neuron, Migraine Research Foundation and competitive grant from the Italian Ministry of Health and Italian Ministry of research. Her institution has received payments for clinical trials from AbbVie, Biohaven, Chordate, Eli Lilly, Ipsen, Lundbeck, Pfizer and Teva. She is Associate Editor of Cephalalgia and member of the Classification Committee of the International Headache Society. RDI reports personal fees and non-financial support from Eli-Lilly, AbbVie, Pfizer, Lundbeck, and TEVA. SS reports personal fees as speaker or advisor from Abbott, Allergan-Abbvie, AstraZeneca, Bayer, Boehringer, Eli Lilly, Lundbeck, Pfizer, and Teva; she received research grants from Novartis and Uriach; she is President of the European Stroke Organisation, Editor-in-Chief of Cephalalgia and Cephalalgia Reports, and Assistant Editor for Stroke. Other authors have no conflicting interests on this specific study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}