{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T10:20:24Z","timestamp":1787739624335,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"ZonMw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10710022210002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10710022210002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Health Econ"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Pandemic preparedness requires navigating trade-offs between health, economic, and social impacts; choices that often involve moral tensions. This study investigates how the Dutch public evaluates such trade-offs in the context of a potential outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). Using a discrete choice experiment (DCE) administered to a representative sample of 1,045 respondents from the LISS panel, we examined preferences across six policy outcomes: mortality, lasting physical and mental injuries, postponed healthcare, social restrictions, and one-off tax payments. A latent class logit model identified four distinct preference profiles, revealing substantial heterogeneity in moral and economic reasoning. Two classes exhibited taboo trade-off aversion (TTOA) when values such as life or human dignity were traded against monetary costs. Respondents displaying TTOA emphasized solidarity and governmental responsibility, while cost-sensitive groups prioritized economic efficiency. These findings highlight that public acceptance of pandemic policies depends not only on effectiveness and cost but also on perceived moral legitimacy. Accounting for TTOA in economic evaluation can improve the ethical considerations and societal acceptability of future pandemic preparedness strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-026-01985-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T09:46:09Z","timestamp":1787737569000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Understanding moral trade-offs in pandemic response: A discrete choice experiment on avian influenza policies"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8290-6217","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas V. R.","family":"Smeele","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte N. M.","family":"Waltz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anja J. M.","family":"Schreijer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pearl A.","family":"Dykstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"1985_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00812-20","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00812-20","volume":"11","author":"DM Morens","year":"2020","unstructured":"Morens, D. M., P. Daszak, H. Markel, and J. K. Taubenberger. 2020. Pandemic COVID-19 joins history\u2019s pandemic legion. MBio 11 (3): e00812-20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mBio.00812-20.","journal-title":"MBio"},{"issue":"10227","key":"1985_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30460-8","volume":"395","author":"SK Brooks","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brooks, S. K., R. K. Webster, L. E. Smith, L. Woodland, S. Wessely, N. Greenberg, et al. 2020. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. Lancet 395 (10227): 912\u2013920. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30460-8.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1985_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m1557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1557","volume":"369","author":"M Douglas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Douglas, M., S. V. Katikireddi, M. Taulbut, M. McKee, and G. McCartney. 2020. Mitigating the wider health effects of covid-19 pandemic response. BMJ. 369:m1557. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.m1557.","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"key":"1985_CR4","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 2024. Surveillance avian influenza [Internet]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/westernpacific\/wpro-emergencies\/surveillance\/avian-influenza"},{"issue":"5","key":"1985_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-0884-z","volume":"4","author":"JJV Bavel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bavel, J. J. V., K. Baicker, P. S. Boggio, V. Capraro, A. Cichocka, M. Cikara, et al. 2020. Using social and behavioural science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Nature Human Behaviour 4 (5): 460\u2013471. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41562-020-0884-z.","journal-title":"Nature Human Behaviour"},{"key":"1985_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"OECD. 2025. Mind shift, green lift: Six behavioural science trends for environmental policy [OECD Public Governance Policy Papers] [Internet]. 69th ed [cited 2026 Apr 28]. (OECD Public Governance Policy Papers). Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1787\/162c5a27-en","DOI":"10.1787\/162c5a27-en"},{"issue":"2","key":"1985_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-720X.2002.tb00384.x","volume":"30","author":"JF Childress","year":"2002","unstructured":"Childress, J. F., R. R. Faden, R. D. Gaare, L. O. Gostin, J. Kahn, R. J. Bonnie, et al. 2002. Public health ethics: Mapping the terrain. Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 30 (2): 170\u2013178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1748-720X.2002.tb00384.x.","journal-title":"Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics"},{"key":"1985_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780190245191.013.69","volume-title":"The Oxford handbook of public health ethics","author":"M Smith","year":"2019","unstructured":"Smith, M., and R. Upshur. 2019. Pandemic disease, public health, and ethics. In The Oxford handbook of public health ethics, ed. A. C. Mastroianni, J. P. Kahn, and N. E. Kass, 796\u2013811. Oxford University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780190245191.013.69."},{"issue":"11","key":"1985_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/15265161.2019.1665402","volume":"19","author":"T Beauchamp","year":"2019","unstructured":"Beauchamp, T., and J. Childress. 2019. Principles of biomedical ethics: Marking its fortieth anniversary. American Journal of Bioethics 19 (11): 9\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15265161.2019.1665402.","journal-title":"American Journal of Bioethics"},{"key":"1985_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kant, I. 2017. Groundwork for the metaphysics of morals [Internet]. Wood AW, editor. Yale University Press [cited 2026 Jun 4]. Available from: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12987\/9780300128154\/html","DOI":"10.12987\/9780300128154\/html"},{"key":"1985_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:osobl\/9780199744206.003.0014","volume-title":"Medicine and social justice [Internet]","author":"DW Brock","year":"2002","unstructured":"Brock, D. W. 2002. Priority to the worse off in health care resource prioritization. In Medicine and social justice [Internet], ed. R. Rhodes, M. Battin, and A. Silvers, 155\u2013164. Oxford University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/acprof:osobl\/9780199744206.003.0014."},{"issue":"1","key":"1985_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03391656","volume":"34","author":"A Dawson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dawson, A., and B. Jennings. 2012. The place of solidarity in public health ethics. Public Health Reviews 34 (1): 4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF03391656.","journal-title":"Public Health Reviews"},{"issue":"1","key":"1985_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/phe\/phab027","volume":"15","author":"K MacKay","year":"2022","unstructured":"MacKay, K. 2022. Public health virtue ethics. Public Health Ethics 15 (1): 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/phe\/phab027.","journal-title":"Public Health Ethics"},{"issue":"2","key":"1985_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1162\/152651601300168834","volume":"1","author":"N Daniels","year":"2001","unstructured":"Daniels, N. 2001. Justice, health, and healthcare. American Journal of Bioethics 1 (2): 2\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/152651601300168834.","journal-title":"American Journal of Bioethics"},{"issue":"4","key":"1985_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1088-4963.1997.tb00082.x","volume":"26","author":"N Daniels","year":"1997","unstructured":"Daniels, N., and J. Sabin. 1997. Limits to health care: Fair procedures, democratic deliberation, and the legitimacy problem for insurers. Philosophy & Public Affairs 26 (4): 303\u2013350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1088-4963.1997.tb00082.x.","journal-title":"Philosophy & Public Affairs"},{"key":"1985_CR16","volume-title":"Frontiers of justice: Disability, nationality, species membership","author":"MC Nussbaum","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nussbaum, M. C. 2006. Frontiers of justice: Disability, nationality, species membership. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard university press."},{"key":"1985_CR17","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Health justice: An argument from the capabilities approach","author":"S Venkatapuram","year":"2011","unstructured":"Venkatapuram, S. 2011. Health justice: An argument from the capabilities approach, 1. Cambridge Malden, MA: Polity."},{"issue":"oct09 1","key":"1985_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a1850","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.a1850","volume":"337","author":"N Daniels","year":"2008","unstructured":"Daniels, N., and J. E. Sabin. 2008. Accountability for reasonableness: An update. BMJ 337 (oct09 1): a1850. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.a1850.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"2","key":"1985_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/0162-895X.00058","volume":"18","author":"AP Fiske","year":"1997","unstructured":"Fiske, A. P., and P. E. Tetlock. 1997. Taboo trade\u2010offs: Reactions to transactions that transgress the spheres of justice. Political Psychology 18 (2): 255\u2013297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/0162-895X.00058.","journal-title":"Political Psychology"},{"key":"1985_CR20","unstructured":"Walzer, M. 2010. Spheres of justice: a defense of pluralism and equality. Nachdr, 345. New York: Basic Books."},{"issue":"7","key":"1985_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(03)00135-9","volume":"7","author":"PE Tetlock","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tetlock, P. E. 2003. Thinking the unthinkable: Sacred values and taboo cognitions. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 7 (7): 320\u2013324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1364-6613(03)00135-9.","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences."},{"issue":"5","key":"1985_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.78.5.853","volume":"78","author":"PE Tetlock","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tetlock, P. E., O. V. Kristel, S. B. Elson, M. C. Green, and J. S. Lerner. 2000. The psychology of the unthinkable: Taboo trade-offs, forbidden base rates, and heretical counterfactuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 78 (5): 853\u2013870. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.78.5.853.","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology."},{"key":"1985_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781316136232","volume-title":"Applied choice analysis","author":"DA Hensher","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hensher, D. A., J. M. Rose, and W. H. Greene. 2015. Applied choice analysis. 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9781316136232.","edition":"2nd ed"},{"key":"1985_CR24","first-page":"390","volume-title":"Discrete choice analysis: Theory and application to travel demand","author":"M Ben-Akiva","year":"1985","unstructured":"Ben-Akiva, M., and S. R. Lerman. 1985. Discrete choice analysis: Theory and application to travel demand, vol. 9, 390. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press."},{"issue":"2","key":"1985_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1086\/259131","volume":"74","author":"KJ Lancaster","year":"1966","unstructured":"Lancaster, K. J. 1966. A new approach to consumer theory. Journal of Political Economy 74 (2): 132\u2013157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/259131.","journal-title":"Journal of Political Economy"},{"issue":"8","key":"1985_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.2165\/00019053-200826080-00004","volume":"26","author":"E Lancsar","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lancsar, E., and J. Louviere. 2008. Conducting discrete choice experiments to inform healthcare decision making: A user\u2019s guide. PharmacoEconomics 26 (8): 661\u2013677. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/00019053-200826080-00004.","journal-title":"PharmacoEconomics"},{"issue":"9","key":"1985_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0238683","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238683","volume":"15","author":"C Chorus","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chorus, C., E. D. Sandorf, and N. Mouter. 2020. Diabolical dilemmas of COVID-19: An empirical study into Dutch society\u2019s trade-offs between health impacts and other effects of the lockdown. PLoS ONE 15 (9): e0238683. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0238683.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1985_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118606","volume":"386","author":"NVR Smeele","year":"2025","unstructured":"Smeele, N. V. R., S. Van Cranenburgh, B. Donkers, M. H. N. Schermer, and E. W. De Bekker-Grob. 2025. Taboo trade-off aversion in choice behaviors: A discrete choice model and application to health-related decisions. Social Science & Medicine 386:118606. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2025.118606.","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"1985_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119305","volume":"400","author":"NVR Smeele","year":"2026","unstructured":"Smeele, N. V. R., S. Van Cranenburgh, B. Donkers, and E. W. De Bekker-Grob. 2026. Do we say what we do? Testing cheap talk to reduce hypothetical bias in moral choice experiments. Social Science & Medicine 400:119305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2026.119305.","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"1985_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocm.2015.08.001","volume":"16","author":"C Chorus","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chorus, C. 2015. Models of moral decision making: Literature review and research agenda for discrete choice analysis. Journal of Choice Modelling 16:69\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocm.2015.08.001.","journal-title":"Journal of Choice Modelling"},{"key":"1985_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.115910","volume":"326","author":"NVR Smeele","year":"2023","unstructured":"Smeele, N. V. R., C. G. Chorus, M. H. N. Schermer, and E. W. De Bekker-Grob. 2023. Towards machine learning for moral choice analysis in health economics: A literature review and research agenda. Social Science & Medicine 326:115910. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2023.115910.","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"1985_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511753930","volume-title":"Discrete choice methods with simulation","author":"KE Train","year":"2003","unstructured":"Train, K. E. 2003. Discrete choice methods with simulation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9780511753930."},{"key":"1985_CR33","first-page":"198","volume-title":"Structural analysis of discrete data with econometric applications","author":"D McFadden","year":"1981","unstructured":"McFadden, D. 1981. Econometric models of probabilistic choice. In Structural analysis of discrete data with econometric applications, 198\u2013272. MIT Press."},{"key":"1985_CR34","unstructured":"McFadden, D. 1974. Conditional logit analysis of qualitative choice behavior. Frontiers in econometrics, 105\u2013142. New York [u.a.]: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-776150-0."},{"key":"1985_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2023.102634","volume":"55","author":"F Ahmad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ahmad, F., S. Haque, S. Tawil, R. Husni, D. K. Bonilla-Aldana, J. J. Montenegro-Idrogo, et al. 2023. Avian influenza spillover to humans: Are we prepared to deal with another potential pandemic? Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 55:102634. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tmaid.2023.102634.","journal-title":"Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"1985_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2015.06.006","volume":"121","author":"JA Backer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Backer, J. A., H. J. W. Van Roermund, E. A. J. Fischer, M. A. P. M. Van Asseldonk, and R. H. M. Bergevoet. 2015. Controlling highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks: An epidemiological and economic model analysis. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 121 (1\u20132): 142\u2013150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2015.06.006.","journal-title":"Preventive Veterinary Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"1985_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines6030046","volume":"6","author":"RD De Vries","year":"2018","unstructured":"De Vries, R. D., S. Herfst, and M. Richard. 2018. Avian Influenza A virus pandemic preparedness and vaccine development. Vaccines. 6 (3): 46. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines6030046.","journal-title":"Vaccines."},{"issue":"1","key":"1985_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0261509","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0261509","volume":"17","author":"T Emery","year":"2022","unstructured":"Emery, T., and J. C. Koops. 2022. The impact of COVID-19 on fertility behaviour and intentions in a middle income country. PLoS ONE 17 (1): e0261509. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0261509. (Navaneetham K, editor.).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"8","key":"1985_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20230447","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20230447","volume":"220","author":"B Gilbertson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gilbertson, B., and K. Subbarao. 2023. Mammalian infections with highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses renew concerns of pandemic potential. Journal of Experimental Medicine 220 (8): e20230447. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.20230447.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Medicine"},{"issue":"9409","key":"1985_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15589-X","volume":"363","author":"M Koopmans","year":"2004","unstructured":"Koopmans, M., B. Wilbrink, M. Conyn, G. Natrop, H. Van Der Nat, H. Vennema, et al. 2004. Transmission of H7N7 avian influenza A virus to human beings during a large outbreak in commercial poultry farms in the Netherlands. Lancet 363 (9409): 587\u2013593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15589-X.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1985_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Schrijver, R.S., Koch, G., editors. 2005. Avian influenza: Prevention and control. 1st ed. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. (Wageningen UR Frontis Series; no. 8). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/1-4020-3441-5","DOI":"10.1007\/1-4020-3441-5"},{"key":"1985_CR42","unstructured":"Pandemic and Disaster Preparedness Center. Learning from a Crisis [Internet]. 2023 Jun. Available from: https:\/\/convergence.nl\/app\/uploads\/22112023_Report_learning_from_a_crisis_compressed.pdf"},{"issue":"8\u20139","key":"1985_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2007.12.011","volume":"92","author":"G Loewenstein","year":"2008","unstructured":"Loewenstein, G., and P. A. Ubel. 2008. Hedonic adaptation and the role of decision and experience utility in public policy. Journal of Public Economics 92 (8\u20139): 1795\u20131810. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpubeco.2007.12.011.","journal-title":"Journal of Public Economics"},{"issue":"4, Suppl","key":"1985_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S57","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.24.4.S57","volume":"24","author":"PA Ubel","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ubel, P. A., G. Loewenstein, N. Schwarz, and D. Smith. 2005. Misimagining the unimaginable: The disability paradox and health care decision making. Health Psychology 24 (4, Suppl): S57-62. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0278-6133.24.4.S57.","journal-title":"Health Psychology"},{"key":"1985_CR45","unstructured":"Tetlock, P.E., R.S. Peterson, J.S. Lerner. 1996 Revising the value pluralism model: Incorporating social content and context postulates. In: The psychology of values: The Ontario symposium, vol. 8, 25\u201351. Hillsdale, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. (The Ontario symposium on personality and social psychology, Vol. 8.)."},{"key":"1985_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocm.2017.09.002","volume":"27","author":"C Chorus","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chorus, C., B. Pud\u0101ne, N. Mouter, and D. Campbell. 2018. Taboo trade-off aversion: A discrete choice model and empirical analysis. Journal of Choice Modelling. 27:37\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocm.2017.09.002.","journal-title":"Journal of Choice Modelling."},{"issue":"1","key":"1985_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1006\/obhd.1997.2690","volume":"70","author":"J Baron","year":"1997","unstructured":"Baron, J., and M. Spranca. 1997. Protected values. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 70 (1): 1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/obhd.1997.2690.","journal-title":"Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes"},{"issue":"1589","key":"1985_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2011.0262","volume":"367","author":"GS Berns","year":"2012","unstructured":"Berns, G. S., E. Bell, C. M. Capra, M. J. Prietula, S. Moore, B. Anderson, et al. 2012. The price of your soul: Neural evidence for the non-utilitarian representation of sacred values. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367 (1589): 754\u2013762. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2011.0262.","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"1985_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1017\/S1930297500000164","volume":"3","author":"M Hanselmann","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hanselmann, M., and C. Tanner. 2008. Taboos and conflicts in decision making: Sacred values, decision difficulty, and emotions. Judgment and Decision Making 3 (1): 51\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1930297500000164.","journal-title":"Judgment and Decision Making"},{"issue":"5","key":"1985_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1080\/01441640902827623","volume":"29","author":"JM Rose","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rose, J. M., and M. C. J. Bliemer. 2009. Constructing efficient stated choice experimental designs. Transport Reviews 29 (5): 587\u2013617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01441640902827623.","journal-title":"Transport Reviews"},{"key":"1985_CR51","unstructured":"Quan, W., J.M. Rose, A.T. Collins, M.C.J. Bliemer. 2011. A comparison of algorithms for generating efficient choice experiments."},{"key":"1985_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-407236-7.00002-4","volume-title":"Advances in experimental social psychology","author":"J Graham","year":"2013","unstructured":"Graham, J., J. Haidt, S. Koleva, M. Motyl, R. Iyer, S. P. Wojcik, et al. 2013. Moral foundations theory. In Advances in experimental social psychology, 55\u2013130. Elsevier. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-407236-7.00002-4."},{"issue":"5","key":"1985_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s40271-015-0118-z","volume":"8","author":"EW de Bekker-Grob","year":"2015","unstructured":"de Bekker-Grob, E. W., B. Donkers, M. F. Jonker, and E. A. Stolk. 2015. Sample size requirements for discrete-choice experiments in healthcare: A practical guide. Patient 8 (5): 373\u2013384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40271-015-0118-z.","journal-title":"Patient"},{"issue":"2","key":"1985_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/0969-6989(94)90002-7","volume":"1","author":"J Swait","year":"1994","unstructured":"Swait, J. 1994. A structural equation model of latent segmentation and product choice for cross-sectional revealed preference choice data. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services 1 (2): 77\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0969-6989(94)90002-7.","journal-title":"Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services"},{"issue":"6","key":"1985_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1086\/210470","volume":"105","author":"K Yamaguchi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Yamaguchi, K. 2000. Multinomial logit latent\u2010class regression models: An analysis of the predictors of gender\u2010role attitudes among Japanese women. American Journal of Sociology 105 (6): 1702\u20131740. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/210470.","journal-title":"American Journal of Sociology"},{"issue":"447","key":"1985_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1999.10474179","volume":"94","author":"K Roeder","year":"1999","unstructured":"Roeder, K., K. G. Lynch, and D. S. Nagin. 1999. Modeling uncertainty in latent class membership: A case study in criminology. Journal of the American Statistical Association 94 (447): 766\u2013776. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01621459.1999.10474179.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"key":"1985_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocm.2019.100170","volume":"32","author":"S Hess","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hess, S., and D. Palma. 2019. Apollo: A flexible, powerful and customisable freeware package for choice model estimation and application. Journal of Choice Modelling 32:100170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jocm.2019.100170.","journal-title":"Journal of Choice Modelling"},{"key":"1985_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511753831","volume-title":"Stated choice methods: Analysis and applications","author":"JJ Louviere","year":"2000","unstructured":"Louviere, J. J., D. A. Hensher, J. D. Swait, and W. Adamowicz. 2000. Stated choice methods: Analysis and applications. 1st ed. Cambridge University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9780511753831.","edition":"1st ed"},{"key":"1985_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tra.2023.103828","volume":"176","author":"A Daly","year":"2023","unstructured":"Daly, A., S. Hess, and J. D. D. Ort\u00fazar. 2023. Estimating willingness-to-pay from discrete choice models: Setting the record straight. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 176:103828. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tra.2023.103828.","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice"},{"issue":"1","key":"1985_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trb.2007.05.004","volume":"42","author":"CG Chorus","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chorus, C. G., T. A. Arentze, and H. J. P. Timmermans. 2008. A random regret-minimization model of travel choice. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological. 42 (1): 1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trb.2007.05.004.","journal-title":"Transportation Research Part B: Methodological."},{"key":"1985_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctt1xp3s5t","volume-title":"Beyond subjective morality: Ethical reasoning and political philosophy","author":"JS Fishkin","year":"1984","unstructured":"Fishkin, J. S. 1984. Beyond subjective morality: Ethical reasoning and political philosophy. Yale University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/j.ctt1xp3s5t."},{"key":"1985_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv1j66769","volume-title":"Why people obey the law","author":"TR Tyler","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tyler, T. R. 2021. Why people obey the law. Princeton University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/j.ctv1j66769."},{"key":"1985_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroecorev.2023.104472","volume":"156","author":"G Grimalda","year":"2023","unstructured":"Grimalda, G., F. Murtin, D. Pipke, L. Putterman, and M. Sutter. 2023. The politicized pandemic: Ideological polarization and the behavioral response to COVID-19. European Economic Review 156:104472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.euroecorev.2023.104472.","journal-title":"European Economic Review"},{"issue":"22","key":"1985_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.5026","volume":"331","author":"S Van Der Linden","year":"2024","unstructured":"Van Der Linden, S., and J. Roozenbeek. 2024. \u201cInoculation\u201d to resist misinformation. JAMA 331 (22): 1961. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2024.5026.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"8\u20139","key":"1985_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1081\/PAD-120019352","volume":"26","author":"S Van De Walle","year":"2003","unstructured":"Van De Walle, S., and G. Bouckaert. 2003. Public service performance and trust in government: The problem of causality. International Journal of Public Administration 26 (8\u20139): 891\u2013913. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1081\/PAD-120019352.","journal-title":"International Journal of Public Administration"},{"issue":"1","key":"1985_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s40271-024-00701-x","volume":"18","author":"N Mouter","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mouter, N., T. Geijsen, A. Munyasya, J. I. Hernandez, D. Korthals, M. Stok, et al. 2025. Preferences for the societal impacts of a pandemic when it transitions into an endemic: a discrete choice experiment. Patient. 18 (1): 49\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40271-024-00701-x.","journal-title":"Patient."}],"container-title":["The European Journal of Health Economics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10198-026-01985-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10198-026-01985-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10198-026-01985-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T09:46:12Z","timestamp":1787737572000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10198-026-01985-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"references-count":66,"alternative-id":["1985"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10198-026-01985-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1618-7598","1618-7601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1618-7598","type":"print"},{"value":"1618-7601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All respondents of this study provided informed consent, adhering to the ethical standards set by Centerdata and in compliance with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Ethical approval for this study was granted by the Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences Ethics Monitor on 1 February 2024 (ETH2324-0189).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical statement","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflicting interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}