{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T16:52:25Z","timestamp":1791478345475,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur J Health Econ"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-026-01998-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T03:39:53Z","timestamp":1791430793000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Wealth and weight revisited: A Bayesian model averaging approach to the Obesity Kuznets Curve"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0328-4259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K.","family":"Restrepo G\u00f3mez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Mendez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"1998_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abouzaid, R., and K. W. Rotthoff. 2025. Income, obesity, and gender: unravelling the obesity kuznets curve. Applied Economics Letters, 1\u20134.","DOI":"10.1080\/13504851.2024.2449146"},{"issue":"4","key":"1998_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1551","DOI":"10.1111\/rode.13112","volume":"28","author":"SK Afesorgbor","year":"2024","unstructured":"Afesorgbor, S. K., E. Martey, and J. M. Aheto. 2024. The effects of local economic development on female obesity (overweight) in sub-saharan africa. Review of Development Economics 28 (4): 1551\u20131571.","journal-title":"Review of Development Economics"},{"key":"1998_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2020.105258","volume":"138","author":"A Aiyar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aiyar, A., A. Rahman, and P. Pingali. 2021. India\u2019s rural transformation and rising obesity burden. World Development 138:105258.","journal-title":"World Development"},{"issue":"9","key":"1998_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e19569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e19569","volume":"9","author":"GN Alhassan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alhassan, G. N., A. A. Alola, and F. V. Bekun. 2023. Examining obesity kuznets curve in the united states from the perspective of globalization and biocapacity. Heliyon 9 (9): e19569.","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"7","key":"1998_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-021-01308-x","volume":"22","author":"AA Alola","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alola, A. A., and F. V. Bekun. 2021. Obesity kuznets curve and the reality of eco-income ellipsoids (EIE). European Journal of Health Economics 22 (7): 1095\u20131101.","journal-title":"European Journal of Health Economics"},{"key":"1998_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gfs.2019.09.003","volume":"23","author":"H Ameye","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ameye, H., and J. Swinnen. 2019. Obesity, income and gender: The changing global relationship. Global Food Security 23:267\u2013281.","journal-title":"Global Food Security"},{"issue":"9","key":"1998_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-019-01099-2","volume":"20","author":"M Aydin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aydin, M. 2019. The effect of economic growth on obesity for the most obese countries: new evidence from the obesity kuznets curve. European Journal of Health Economics 20 (9): 1349\u20131358.","journal-title":"European Journal of Health Economics"},{"issue":"100537","key":"1998_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.obmed.2024.100537","volume":"47","author":"M Benli","year":"2024","unstructured":"Benli, M., Y. Acar, and S. Ba\u015f. 2024. Testing obesity kuznets curve for t\u00fcrkiye. Obesity Medicine 47 (100537): 100537.","journal-title":"Obesity Medicine"},{"key":"1998_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bentley, R. A., P. Ormerod, and D. J. Ruck. 2018. Recent origin and evolution of obesity-income correlation across the united states. Palgrave Commun 4 (1).","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-018-0201-x"},{"issue":"2","key":"1998_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.90.2.251","volume":"90","author":"KM Carpenter","year":"2000","unstructured":"Carpenter, K. M., D. S. Hasin, D. B. Allison, and M. S. Faith. 2000. Relationships between obesity and DSM-IV major depressive disorder, suicide ideation, and suicide attempts: results from a general population study. American Journal of Public Health 90 (2): 251\u2013257.","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"1998_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.1794","volume":"21","author":"J Cawley","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cawley, J., and J. C. Maclean. 2012. Unfit for service: the implications of rising obesity for US military recruitment: Obesity and military recruitment. Health Economics 21 (11): 1348\u20131366.","journal-title":"Health Economics"},{"key":"1998_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chatfield, C. 1995. Model uncertainty, data mining and statistical inference. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (Statistics in Society) 158 (3): 419.","DOI":"10.2307\/2983440"},{"key":"1998_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1200555","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1200555","volume":"11","author":"H Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen, H., S. Atingabili, I. A. Mensah, A. Yaw Omari-Sasu, E. Agba Tackie, F. Arboh, and B. A. Danso. 2023. Does obesity kuznets curve exist in developing economies? evidence from 38 african countries based on heterogeneous panel data analysis on income-level classification. Frontiers in Public Health 11:1200555.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"1998_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s10198-024-01699-7","volume":"26","author":"R Djeunankan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Djeunankan, R., S. Tadadjeu, H. Njangang, and U. Mazhar. 2025. The hidden cost of sophistication: economic complexity and obesity. European Journal of Health Economics 26 (2): 243\u2013265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10198-024-01699-7.","journal-title":"European Journal of Health Economics"},{"key":"1998_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Draper, D. 1995. Assessment and propagation of model uncertainty. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B, Statistical Methodology 57 (1): 45\u201370.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02015.x"},{"issue":"1 Suppl","key":"1998_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/82.1.265S","volume":"82","author":"A Drewnowski","year":"2005","unstructured":"Drewnowski, A., and N. Darmon. 2005. The economics of obesity: dietary energy density and energy cost. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 82 (1 Suppl): 265S-273S.","journal-title":"The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},{"issue":"1","key":"1998_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-22135-2","volume":"25","author":"N Du","year":"2025","unstructured":"Du, N., L. Liu, Z. Yin, C. Xu, and S. Yin. 2025. Does income have a non-linear impact on residents\u2019 bmi? re-examining the obesity kuznets curve. BMC Public Health 25 (1): 958.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"1998_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e133","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0020133","volume":"2","author":"M Ezzati","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ezzati, M., S. Vander Hoorn, C. M. M. Lawes, R. Leach, W. P. T. James, A. D. Lopez, A. Rodgers, and C. J. L. Murray. 2005. Rethinking the \u201cdiseases of affluence\u2019\u2019 paradigm: global patterns of nutritional risks in relation to economic development. PLOS Medicine 2 (5): e133.","journal-title":"PLOS Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"1998_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4076(00)00076-2","volume":"100","author":"C Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez, C., E. Ley, and M. F. J. Steel. 2001. Benchmark priors for bayesian model averaging. The Journal of Economics 100 (2): 381\u2013427.","journal-title":"The Journal of Economics"},{"issue":"8","key":"1998_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1177\/10105395251387223","volume":"37","author":"N Gasim","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gasim, N., S. Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m, N. Eylasov, A. Durmu\u015f, and H. \u00c7oban. 2025. Health in transition: New evidence on obesity dynamics in post-soviet countries. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 37 (8): 673\u2013680 (( PMID: 41169077)).","journal-title":"Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"1998_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118445112.stat00228","volume-title":"Bayesian model selection","author":"EI George","year":"2014","unstructured":"George, E. I. 2014. Bayesian model selection. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd."},{"issue":"45","key":"1998_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63968","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-13264-3","volume":"28","author":"YH Go","year":"2021","unstructured":"Go, Y. H., L. S. Lau, C. F. Ng, and T. H. Yiew. 2021. Obesity kuznets curve hypothesis and global warming: a robust estimation under cross-section dependence. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28 (45): 63968\u201363976.","journal-title":"Environmental Science and Pollution Research"},{"key":"1998_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eneco.2025.108649","volume":"148","author":"AF Gravina","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gravina, A. F., and M. Lanzafame. 2025. What\u2019s your shape? a data-driven approach to estimating the environmental kuznets curve. Energy Economics 148:108649.","journal-title":"Energy Economics"},{"issue":"7","key":"1998_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1080\/13504851.2014.955251","volume":"22","author":"AM Grecu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Grecu, A. M., and K. W. Rotthoff. 2015. Economic growth and obesity: findings of an obesity kuznets curve. Applied Economics Letters 22 (7): 539\u2013543.","journal-title":"Applied Economics Letters"},{"issue":"2","key":"1998_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.2307\/2118443","volume":"110","author":"GM Grossman","year":"1995","unstructured":"Grossman, G. M., and A. B. Krueger. 1995. Economic growth and the environment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 110 (2): 353\u2013377.","journal-title":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"key":"1998_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoeting, J. A., D. Madigan, A. E. Raftery, and C. T. Volinsky. 1999. Bayesian model averaging: a tutorial (with comments by m. clyde, david draper and e. i. george, and a rejoinder by the authors. Statistical Science 14 (4).","DOI":"10.1214\/ss\/1009212519"},{"issue":"431","key":"1998_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1995.10476592","volume":"90","author":"RE Kass","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kass, R. E., and L. Wasserman. 1995. A reference bayesian test for nested hypotheses and its relationship to the schwarz criterion. Journal of the American Statistical Association 90 (431): 928\u2013934.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"issue":"1","key":"1998_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e019862","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-019862","volume":"8","author":"TJ Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim, T. J., and O. von dem Knesebeck. 2018. Income and obesity: what is the direction of the relationship? a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 8 (1): e019862.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"1998_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-023-00527-y","volume":"12","author":"C Koliaki","year":"2023","unstructured":"Koliaki, C., M. Dalamaga, and S. Liatis. 2023. Update on the obesity epidemic: After the sudden rise, is the upward trajectory beginning to flatten? Current Obesity Reports 12 (4): 514\u2013527.","journal-title":"Current Obesity Reports"},{"key":"1998_CR30","unstructured":"Koop, G. 2003. Bayesian econometrics, 1 edn. John Wiley & Sons."},{"issue":"1","key":"1998_CR31","first-page":"1","volume":"45","author":"S Kuznets","year":"1955","unstructured":"Kuznets, S. 1955. Economic growth and income inequality. The American Economic Review 45 (1): 1\u201328.","journal-title":"The American Economic Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"1998_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ehb.2009.08.001","volume":"7","author":"D Lakdawalla","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lakdawalla, D., and T. Philipson. 2009. The growth of obesity and technological change. Economics and Human Biology 7 (3): 283\u2013293.","journal-title":"Economics and Human Biology"},{"key":"1998_CR33","volume-title":"Specification Searches: Ad Hoc Inference with Nonexperimental Data","author":"EE Leamer","year":"1978","unstructured":"Leamer, E. E. 1978. Specification Searches: Ad Hoc Inference with Nonexperimental Data. New York: Wiley."},{"issue":"428","key":"1998_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1994.10476894","volume":"89","author":"D Madigan","year":"1994","unstructured":"Madigan, D., and A. E. Raftery. 1994. Model selection and accounting for model uncertainty in graphical models using occam\u2019s window. Journal of the American Statistical Association 89 (428): 1535.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"issue":"2","key":"1998_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.2307\/1403615","volume":"63","author":"D Madigan","year":"1995","unstructured":"Madigan, D., J. York, and D. Allard. 1995. Bayesian graphical models for discrete data. International Statistical Review 63 (2): 215.","journal-title":"International Statistical Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"1998_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1111\/joes.12458","volume":"36","author":"N Mathieu-Bolh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mathieu-Bolh, N. 2022. The elusive link between income and obesity. Journal of Economic Surveys 36 (4): 935\u2013968.","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Surveys"},{"issue":"103495","key":"1998_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroecorev.2020.103495","volume":"128","author":"N Mathieu-Bolh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mathieu-Bolh, N., and R. Wendner. 2020. We are what we eat: Obesity, income, and social comparisons. European Economic Review 128 (103495): 103495.","journal-title":"European Economic Review"},{"key":"1998_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mathieu-Bolh, N., and R. Wendner. 2021. Conspicuous leisure, time allocation, and obesity kuznets curves. SSRN Electronic Journal.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3880609"},{"issue":"7","key":"1998_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1017\/S1365100523000585","volume":"28","author":"N Mathieu-Bolh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mathieu-Bolh, N., and R. Wendner. 2024. Conspicuous leisure, time allocation, and obesity kuznets curves. Macroeconomic Dynamics 28 (7): 1594\u20131634.","journal-title":"Macroeconomic Dynamics"},{"issue":"1","key":"1998_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4076(93)90102-B","volume":"56","author":"C Min","year":"1993","unstructured":"Min, C., and A. Zellner. 1993. Bayesian and non-bayesian methods for combining models and forecasts with applications to forecasting international growth rates. Journal of Econometrics 56 (1): 89\u2013118.","journal-title":"Journal of Econometrics"},{"issue":"10","key":"1998_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2006.099630","volume":"97","author":"CA Monteiro","year":"2007","unstructured":"Monteiro, C. A., W. L. Conde, and B. M. Popkin. 2007. Income-specific trends in obesity in brazil: 1975\u20132003. American Journal of Public Health 97 (10): 1808\u20131812.","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1998_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/joes.12044","volume":"29","author":"E Moral-Benito","year":"2015","unstructured":"Moral-Benito, E. 2015. Model averaging in economics: An overview: Model averaging in economics. Journal of Economic Surveys 29 (1): 46\u201375.","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Surveys"},{"issue":"5","key":"1998_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.5.468","volume":"167","author":"KJ Mukamal","year":"2007","unstructured":"Mukamal, K. J., I. Kawachi, M. Miller, and E. B. Rimm. 2007. Body mass index and risk of suicide among men. Archives of Internal Medicine 167 (5): 468\u2013475.","journal-title":"Archives of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"1998_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) 2026. Obesity rise plateaus in developed nations and accelerates in developing nations. Nature 653, 510\u2013518. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-026-10383-0.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-026-10383-0"},{"key":"1998_CR45","unstructured":"NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) 2024. Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet 403 (10431), 1027\u201310500."},{"key":"1998_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00d6cal, A., and E. Erge\u00e7. 2022. Obesity and Economic Growth: An analysis for organisation of islamic cooperation members: A comparison between africa and eastern mediterranean regions. B\u0130LT\u00dcRK The Journal of Economics and Related Studies.","DOI":"10.47103\/bilturk.1131695"},{"issue":"9","key":"1998_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e009773","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2022-009773","volume":"7","author":"A Okunogbe","year":"2022","unstructured":"Okunogbe, A., R. Nugent, G. Spencer, J. Powis, J. Ralston, and J. Wilding. 2022. Economic impacts of overweight and obesity: current and future estimates for 161 countries. BMJ Global Health 7 (9): e009773.","journal-title":"BMJ Global Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"1998_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-750X(99)00094-7","volume":"27","author":"BM Popkin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Popkin, B. M. 1999. Urbanization, lifestyle changes and the nutrition transition. World Development 27 (11): 1905\u20131916. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0305-750X(99)00094-7.","journal-title":"World Development"},{"issue":"3","key":"1998_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/131.3.871S","volume":"131","author":"BM Popkin","year":"2001","unstructured":"Popkin, B. M. 2001. The nutrition transition and obesity in the developing world. The Journal of Nutrition 131 (3): 871S-873S.","journal-title":"The Journal of Nutrition"},{"key":"1998_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Posner, R. A., and T. J. Philipson. 1999. The Long-Run growth in obesity as a function of technological change. SSRN Electronic Journal.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.167008"},{"key":"1998_CR51","volume-title":"Hypothesis testing and model selection","author":"AE Raftery","year":"1996","unstructured":"Raftery, A. E. 1996. Hypothesis testing and model selection. Boca Raton, FL: In Markov Chain Monte Carlo in Practice. Chapman and Hall."},{"issue":"437","key":"1998_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1997.10473615","volume":"92","author":"AE Raftery","year":"1997","unstructured":"Raftery, A. E., D. Madigan, and J. A. Hoeting. 1997. Bayesian model averaging for linear regression models. Journal of the American Statistical Association 92 (437): 179\u2013191.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"issue":"2","key":"1998_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.105.2.260","volume":"105","author":"J Sobal","year":"1989","unstructured":"Sobal, J., and A. J. Stunkard. 1989. Socioeconomic status and obesity: a review of the literature. Psychological Bulletin 105 (2): 260\u2013275.","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"3","key":"1998_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1257\/jel.20191385","volume":"58","author":"MFJ Steel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Steel, M. F. J. 2020. Model averaging and its use in economics. Journal of Economic Literature 58 (3): 644\u2013719.","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Literature"},{"issue":"5","key":"1998_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0232236","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0232236","volume":"15","author":"D Talukdar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Talukdar, D., S. Seenivasan, A. J. Cameron, and G. Sacks. 2020. The association between national income and adult obesity prevalence: Empirical insights into temporal patterns and moderators of the association using 40 years of data across 147 countries. PLoS One 15 (5): e0232236.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"1998_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/jurban\/jti001","volume":"82","author":"D Vlahov","year":"2005","unstructured":"Vlahov, D., S. Galea, and N. Freudenberg. 2005. The urban health \u201cadvantage\u2019\u2019. Journal of Urban Health 82 (1): 1\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jurban\/jti001.","journal-title":"Journal of Urban Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1998_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-025-01121-8","volume":"21","author":"W Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang, W., I. A. Mensah, S. Atingabili, A. Y. Omari-Sasu, E. Nouwati, C. Y. Kunkuaboor, E. S. Obobisa, and M. Qiao. 2025. Obesity kuznets curve conjecture assessment in african economies: conditioning effects of urbanization, food, and trade using gender-based regional analysis. Global Health 21 (1): 26.","journal-title":"Global Health"},{"key":"1998_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2019.01.004","volume":"169","author":"N Windarti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Windarti, N., S. W. Hlaing, and M. Kakinaka. 2019. Obesity kuznets curve: international evidence. Public Health 169:26\u201335.","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"1998_CR59","unstructured":"World Health Organization 2026. Obesity among adults, BMI $$\\ge $$ 30, prevalence (age-standardized estimate) (%). https:\/\/www.who.int\/data\/gho\/data\/indicators\/indicator-details\/GHO\/prevalence-of-obesity-among-adults-bmi--30-(age-standardized-estimate)-(-)"},{"key":"1998_CR60","unstructured":"Worldbank 2026. World development indicators. https:\/\/databank.worldbank.org\/source\/world-development-indicators."},{"key":"1998_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yang, C., W. Wang, Z. Liang, Y. Wang, R. Chen, C. Liang, F. Wang, P. Li, L. Ma, F. Wei, S. Li, and L. Zhang. 2023. Regional urbanicity levels modify the association between ambient air pollution and prevalence of obesity: A nationwide cross-sectional survey. Environmental Pollution 320: 121079. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121079. https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0269749123 000817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2023.121079"}],"container-title":["The European Journal of Health Economics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10198-026-01998-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10198-026-01998-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10198-026-01998-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T16:02:57Z","timestamp":1791475377000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10198-026-01998-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"references-count":61,"alternative-id":["1998"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10198-026-01998-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1618-7598","1618-7601"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1618-7598","type":"print"},{"value":"1618-7601","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study used secondary, de-identified, and aggregated country-level data. As the research did not involve direct interaction with human subjects and the data are publicly available, formal Institutional Review Board approval was not required.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical Statement","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflicts of Interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}