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A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was developed in ANSYS\u00ae Fluent using a hybrid Reynolds averaged Navier\u2013Stokes\u2013large-eddy simulation algorithm. For the validation of the CFD model, the pressure distribution in the NC was compared with the experimental data available in the literature. An Eulerian\u2013Lagrangian approach was employed for the prediction of the particle trajectories using a discrete phase model. Different inlet flow conditions were investigated, with turbulence intensities of 0.15 and 0.3, and swirl numbers of 0.6 and 0.9 applied to the inlet flow at a flow rate of 7\u00a0L\/min. Monodispersed particles with a diameter of 5\u00a0\u00b5m were released into the nostril for various nozzle diameters. The results demonstrate that the nasal valve plays a key role in nasal resistance, which damps the turbulence and swirl intensities of the inlet flow. Moreover, it was found that the effect of turbulence at the inlet of the NC on drug delivery to the MS is negligible. It was also demonstrated that increasing the flow swirl at the inlet\u00a0and decreasing\u00a0the nozzle diameter improves the total particle deposition more than threefold due to the generation of the centrifugal force, which acts on the particles in the nostril and vestibule. The results also suggest that the drug delivery efficiency to the MS can be increased by using a swirling flow with a moderate swirl number of 0.6. It was found that decreasing the nozzle diameter can increase drug delivery to the proximity of the ostium in the middle meatus by more than 45%, which subsequently increases the drug delivery to the MS. The results can help engineers design a nebulizer to improve the efficiency of drug delivery to the maxillary sinuses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-022-01563-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T19:02:31Z","timestamp":1644346951000},"page":"849-870","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The effect of inlet flow profile and nozzle diameter on drug delivery to the maxillary sinus"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Oveis","family":"Pourmehran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Cazzolato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhao","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maziar","family":"Arjomandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"1563_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.partic.2013.06.008","volume":"15","author":"WP Adamczyk","year":"2014","unstructured":"Adamczyk WP, Klimanek A, Bia\u0142ecki RA, W\u0119cel G, Kozo\u0142ub P, Czakiert T (2014) Comparison of the standard Euler-Euler and hybrid Euler-Lagrange approaches for modeling particle transport in a pilot-scale circulating fluidized bed. 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