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In this study, the viscoelastic and stress-softening behaviour of the passive human oesophagus was investigated through\n                    <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    cyclic mechanical tests. Due to restrictions placed on the laboratory as a result of COVID-19, only oesophagi from cadavers fixed in formalin were allowed for testing. Three oesophagi in total were separated into their two main layers and the mucosa\u2013submucosa layer was investigated. A series of uniaxial tensile tests were conducted in the form of increasing stretch level cyclic tests at two different strain rates: 1%\u00a0s\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$$^{-1}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                          <mml:msup>\n                            <mml:mrow\/>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mo>-<\/mml:mo>\n                              <mml:mn>1<\/mml:mn>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                          <\/mml:msup>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    and 10%\u00a0s\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$$^{-1}$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                          <mml:msup>\n                            <mml:mrow\/>\n                            <mml:mrow>\n                              <mml:mo>-<\/mml:mo>\n                              <mml:mn>1<\/mml:mn>\n                            <\/mml:mrow>\n                          <\/mml:msup>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    . Rectangular samples in both the longitudinal and circumferential directions were tested to observe any anisotropy. Histological analysis was also performed through a variety of staining methods. Overall, the longitudinal direction was found to be much stiffer than the circumferential direction. Stress-softening was observed in both directions, as well as permanent set and hysteresis. Strain rate-dependent behaviour was\u00a0also apparent in the two directions, with an increase in strain rate resulting in an increase in stiffness. This strain rate dependency was more pronounced in the longitudinal direction than the circumferential direction. Finally, the results were discussed in regard to the histological content of the layer, and the behaviour was modelled and validated using a visco-hyperelastic matrix-fibre model.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-022-01613-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,28]],"date-time":"2022-08-28T00:02:38Z","timestamp":1661644958000},"page":"1685-1702","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Experimental investigations of the human oesophagus: anisotropic properties of the embalmed mucosa\u2013submucosa layer under large deformation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Ciara","family":"Durcan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4616-1104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mokarram","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gr\u00e9gory","family":"Chagnon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Djordje","family":"Peri\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georges","family":"Karam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lara","family":"Bsiesy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edouard","family":"Girard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"1613_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alsunaydih FN, Yuce MR (2021) Next-generation ingestible devices: sensing, locomotion and navigation. 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