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Based on these findings, a finite element model of human ocular adduction is developed based on connective anatomy and measured optic nerve (ON) properties, as well as active contractility of bilaminar extraocular muscles (EOMs), but incorporating the novel feature that globe translation is not otherwise constrained so that realistic kinematics can be simulated. Anatomy of the hemisymmetric model is defined by magnetic resonance imaging. The globe is modeled as suspended by anatomically realistic connective tissues, orbital fat, and contiguous ON. The model incorporates a material subroutine that implements active EOM contraction based on fiber twitch characteristics. Starting from the initial condition of 26\u00b0 adduction, the medial rectus (MR) muscle was commanded to contract as the lateral rectus (LR) relaxed. We alternatively modeled absence or presence of orbital fat. During pursuit-like adduction from 26 to 32\u00b0, the globe translated 0.52\u00a0mm posteriorly and 0.1\u00a0mm medially with orbital fat present, but 1.2\u00a0mm posteriorly and 0.1\u00a0mm medially without fat. Maximum principal strains in the optic disk and peripapillary reached 0.05\u20130.06, and von-Mises stress 96\u00a0kPa. Tension in the MR orbital layer was\u2009~\u200924\u00a0g-force after 6\u00b0 adduction, but only\u2009~\u20093 gm-f in the whole LR. This physiologically plausible simulation of EOM activation in an anatomically realistic globe suspensory system demonstrates that orbital connective tissues and fat are integral to the biomechanics of adduction, including loading by the ON.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-023-01794-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]],"date-time":"2024-02-28T17:02:29Z","timestamp":1709139749000},"page":"601-614","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Finite element model of ocular adduction with unconstrained globe translation"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9822-8545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Somaye","family":"Jafari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0239-3202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8511-6111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongtao","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9662-5352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph L.","family":"Demer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"1794_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2005.0084","volume":"3","author":"J Al-Sukhun","year":"2006","unstructured":"Al-Sukhun J, Lindqvist C, Kontio R (2006) Modelling of orbital deformation using finite-element analysis. 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