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Such an inherent pre-tension or pre-stretch of muscles is not measureable with in vivo experiments. Using a 3D continuum mechanical forward simulation approach for motion analysis of the musculoskeletal system of the forearm with 3 flexor and 2 extensor muscles, we developed an optimization process to determine the muscle fibre pre-stretches for an initial arm position, which is given human dataset. We used RoM values of a healthy person to balance the motion in extension and flexion. The performed sensitivity study shows that the fibre pre-stretches of the\n                    <jats:italic>m.\u00a0brachialis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>m.\u00a0biceps brachii<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>m.\u00a0triceps brachii<\/jats:italic>\n                    with\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$$91\\%$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                          <mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mn>91<\/mml:mn>\n                            <mml:mo>%<\/mml:mo>\n                          <\/mml:mrow>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    dominate the objective flexion ratio, while\n                    <jats:italic>m.\u00a0brachiradialis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>m.\u00a0anconeus<\/jats:italic>\n                    amount\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$$7.8\\%$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                          <mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mn>7.8<\/mml:mn>\n                            <mml:mo>%<\/mml:mo>\n                          <\/mml:mrow>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    and\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$$1.2\\%$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                          <mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mn>1.2<\/mml:mn>\n                            <mml:mo>%<\/mml:mo>\n                          <\/mml:mrow>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    . Within the multi-dimensional space of the surrogate model, 3D sub-spaces of primary variables, namely the dominant muscles and the global objective, flexion ratio, exhibit a path of optimal solutions. Within this optimal path, the muscle fibre pre-stretch of two flexors demonstrate a negative correlation, while, in contrast, the primary extensor,\n                    <jats:italic>m.\u00a0triceps brachii<\/jats:italic>\n                    correlates positively to each of the flexors. Comparing the global optimum with four other designs along the optimal path, we saw large deviations, e.g., up to 15\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$$^{\\circ }$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                          <mml:msup>\n                            <mml:mrow\/>\n                            <mml:mo>\u2218<\/mml:mo>\n                          <\/mml:msup>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    in motion and up to 40% in muscle force. This underlines the importance of accurate determination of fibre pre-stretch in muscles, especially, their role in pathological muscular disorders and surgical applications such as free muscle or tendon transfer.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-024-01821-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]],"date-time":"2024-04-15T01:01:55Z","timestamp":1713142915000},"page":"1031-1053","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Determining a musculoskeletal system\u2019s pre-stretched state using continuum\u2013mechanical forward modelling and joint range optimization"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Okan","family":"Avci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"R\u00f6hrle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"1821_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jors.2600425","volume":"48","author":"DP Bertsekas","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bertsekas DP (1997) Nonlinear programming. 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