{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T03:10:22Z","timestamp":1792120222651,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732492800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016-04203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016-04203"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016-04203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016-04203"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016-04203"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016-04203"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomech Model Mechanobiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>The geometry and mechanical properties of infant skull bones differ significantly from those of adults. Over the past decades, debates surrounding whether fractures in infants come from deliberate abuse or accidents have generated significant impacts in both legal and societal contexts. However, the etiology of infant skull fractures remains unclear, which motivates this study with two main components of work. Firstly, we present and implement a progressive unidirectional fabric composite damage model for infant cranial vaults to represent ductile and anisotropic properties\u2014two typical mechanical characteristics of infant skulls. Secondly, we hypothesize that these intrinsic material properties cause injuries perpendicular to the fiber direction to dominate infant skull fractures, resulting in fracture lines that align with the direction of mineralization in the infant skull. The material model and the finite element (FE) model were verified hierarchically, and this hypothesis was verified by reconstructing two legal cases with known fall heights and implementing the above damage model into CT-based subject-specific infant FE head models. We discovered that the infant skull is more susceptible to injuries within planes perpendicular to the mineralization direction because of the anisotropic mechanical property caused by the direction of mineralization, leading to infant skull fractures aligning with the mineralization direction. Our findings corroborated the several previously reported observations of fractures on cranial vaults, demonstrating that these fractures were closely associated with sutures and oriented along the mineralization direction, and revealed the underlying mechanisms of infant skull fracture pattern. The modeling methods and results of this study will serve as an anchor point for more rigorous investigations of infant skull fractures, ultimately aiming to provide convincing biomechanical evidence to aid forensic diagnoses of abusive head trauma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-024-01902-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T08:00:00Z","timestamp":1732521600000},"page":"153-168","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Infant skull fractures align with the direction of bone mineralization"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Siyuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svein","family":"Kleiven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaogai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"1902_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14138","volume":"107","author":"J Andersson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Andersson J, Thiblin I (2018) National study shows that abusive head trauma mortality in sweden was at least 10 times lower than in other western countries. Acta Paediatr 107(3):477\u2013483. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apa.14138","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"9241","key":"1902_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)03130-5","volume":"356","author":"KM Barlow","year":"2000","unstructured":"Barlow KM, Minns RA (2000) Annual incidence of shaken impact syndrome in young children. The Lancet 356(9241):1571\u20131572. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)03130-5","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"1902_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(86)90105-3","volume":"19","author":"DI Bylski","year":"1986","unstructured":"Bylski DI, Kriewall TJ, Akkas N et al (1986) Mechanical behavior of fetal dura mater under large deformation biaxial tension. J Biomech 19(1):19\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0021-9290(86)90105-3","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"1","key":"1902_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(85)90045-4","volume":"18","author":"H Cezayirlioglu","year":"1985","unstructured":"Cezayirlioglu H, Bahniuk E, Davy D et al (1985) Anisotropic yield behavior of bone under combined axial force and torque. J Biomech 18(1):61\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0021-9290(85)90045-4","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"8","key":"1902_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1222","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2006.23.1222","volume":"23","author":"B Coats","year":"2006","unstructured":"Coats B, Margulies SS (2006) Material properties of human infant skull and suture at high rates. J Neurotrauma 23(8):1222\u20131232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/neu.2006.23.1222","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"1902_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4271\/2007-22-0001","volume":"51","author":"B Coats","year":"2007","unstructured":"Coats B, Margulies SS, Ji S (2007) Parametric study of head impact in the infant. Stapp Car Crash J 51:1\u20131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4271\/2007-22-0001","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash J"},{"key":"1902_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-011-5914-9","volume":"47","author":"JD Currey","year":"2012","unstructured":"Currey JD (2012) The structure and mechanics of bone. J Mater Sci 47:41\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10853-011-5914-9","journal-title":"J Mater Sci"},{"key":"1902_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420042412","author":"VJ DiMaio","year":"2001","unstructured":"DiMaio VJ, DiMaio D (2001) Trauma to the skull and brain: craniocerebral injuries. Forensic pathol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1201\/9781420042412","journal-title":"Forensic pathol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1902_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.02.057","volume":"48","author":"M Fahlstedt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fahlstedt M, Depreitere B, Halldin P et al (2015) Correlation between injury pattern and finite element analysis in biomechanical reconstructions of traumatic brain injuries. J Biomech 48(7):1331\u20131335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2015.02.057","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"1902_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Giordano C, Kleiven S (2016) Development of an unbiased validation protocol to assess the biofidelity of finite element head models used in prediction of traumatic brain injury. Tech. rep., SAE Technical Paper, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4271\/2016-22-0013","DOI":"10.4271\/2016-22-0013"},{"key":"1902_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gray H (1918) Anatomy of the human body. philadelphia: Lea & febiger, 1918; bartleby. com, 2000","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.20311"},{"key":"1902_CR12","unstructured":"Gunnarsson CA, Alexander SL, Weerasooriya T (2021) Mechanical response and fracture of human skull to blunt indentation loading. Tech. rep, US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command, Army Research Laboratory"},{"key":"1902_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-018-1918-1","volume":"133","author":"M Hajiaghamemar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hajiaghamemar M, Lan IS, Christian CW et al (2019) Infant skull fracture risk for low height falls. Int J Legal Med 133:847\u2013862. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-018-1918-1","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1902_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3153664","volume":"47","author":"Z Hashin","year":"1980","unstructured":"Hashin Z (1980) Failure Criteria for Unidirectional Fiber Composites. J Appl Mech 47(2):329\u2013334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.3153664","journal-title":"J Appl Mech"},{"issue":"5","key":"1902_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1595","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-020-01293-9","volume":"19","author":"J He","year":"2020","unstructured":"He J, Yan J, Margulies S et al (2020) An adaptive-remeshing framework to predict impact-induced skull fracture in infants. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 19(5):1595\u2013160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10237-020-01293-9","journal-title":"Biomech Model Mechanobiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1902_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2015.02.002","volume":"45","author":"T Hinds","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hinds T, Shalaby-Rana E, Jackson AM et al (2015) Aspects of abuse: aAbusive head trauma. Current Problems Pediatric Adolescent Health Care 45(3):71\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cppeds.2015.02.002","journal-title":"Current Problems Pediatric Adolescent Health Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"1902_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.133","volume":"2","author":"U H\u00f6gberg","year":"2019","unstructured":"H\u00f6gberg U, Sennerstam R, Wester K et al (2019) Medical diagnoses among infants at entry in out-of-home care: a swedish population-register study. Health Sci Rep 2(8):e133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hsr2.133","journal-title":"Health Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"1902_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.12.038","volume":"151","author":"P Holck","year":"2005","unstructured":"Holck P (2005) What can a baby\u2019s skull withstand? testing the skull\u2019s resistance on an anatomical preparation. Forensic Sci Int 151(2\u20133):187\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.12.038","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"1902_CR19","unstructured":"ISO T (2002) 9790, road vehicles-anthropomorphic side impact dummy-lateral impact response requirements to assess the biofidelity of the dummy. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization (ISO)"},{"issue":"7172","key":"1902_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.317.7172.1558","volume":"317","author":"S Jayawant","year":"1998","unstructured":"Jayawant S, Rawlinson A, Gibbon F et al (1998) Subdural haemorrhages in infants: population based study. BMJ 317(7172):1558\u20131561. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.317.7172.1558","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"1902_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.3340\/jkns.2016.59.3.192","volume":"59","author":"SW Jin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jin SW, Sim KB, Kim SD (2016) Development and growth of the normal cranial vault: an embryologic review. J Korean Neurosurg Soc 59(3):192\u2013196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3340\/jkns.2016.59.3.192","journal-title":"J Korean Neurosurg Soc"},{"key":"1902_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.03.025","volume":"276","author":"M Jones","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jones M, Darwall D, Khalid G et al (2017) Development and validation of a physical model to investigate the biomechanics of infant head impact. Forensic Sci Int 276:111\u2013119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.03.025","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"1902_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kleinman P, Coats B, Silvera V (2015) Abusive head trauma: scalp, subscalp, and cranium. Diagnostic imaging of child abuse pp 357\u2013393","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511862366.026"},{"issue":"1","key":"1902_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.4271\/2007-22-0003","volume":"51","author":"S Kleiven","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kleiven S (2007) Predictors for traumatic brain injuries evaluated through accident reconstructions. Stapp car crash J 51(1):81\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4271\/2007-22-0003","journal-title":"Stapp car crash J"},{"issue":"6","key":"1902_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(82)90119-3","volume":"143","author":"TJ Kriewall","year":"1982","unstructured":"Kriewall TJ (1982) Structural, mechanical, and material properties of fetal cranial bone. Am J Obstet Gynecol 143(6):707\u2013714. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0002-9378(82)90119-3","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"1902_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee HR, Kim JY, Lim YC et\u00a0al (2019) Pediatric skull fractures based on three-dimensional computed tomography: Correlation of skull fracture types, location, severity, and accompanying head injuries with surgical risk in 291 children. The Nerve 5(2):55\u201359. https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:208419621","DOI":"10.21129\/nerve.2019.5.2.55"},{"issue":"1","key":"1902_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1993.02160250089028","volume":"147","author":"JM Leventhal","year":"1993","unstructured":"Leventhal JM, Thomas SA, Rosenfield NS et al (1993) Fractures in Young Children: Distinguishing Child Abuse From Unintentional Injuries. Am J Dis Child 147(1):87\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpedi.1993.02160250089028","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"issue":"3","key":"1902_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-016-0855-5","volume":"16","author":"X Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li X, Sandler H, Kleiven S (2017) The importance of nonlinear tissue modelling in finite element simulations of infant head impacts. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 16(3):823\u2013840. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10237-016-0855-5","journal-title":"Biomech Model Mechanobiol"},{"key":"1902_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2018.11.008","volume":"294","author":"X Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li X, Sandler H, Kleiven S (2019) Infant skull fractures: Accident or abuse?: Evidences from biomechanical analysis using finite element head models. Forensic Sci Int 294:173\u2013182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2018.11.008","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"1902_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-020-01391-8","volume":"20","author":"X Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li X, Zhou Z, Kleiven S (2021) An anatomically detailed and personalizable head injury model: Significance of brain and white matter tract morphological variability on strain. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 20:403\u2013431. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10237-020-01391-8","journal-title":"Biomech Model Mechanobiol"},{"key":"1902_CR31","first-page":"310","volume":"8","author":"HR Lissner","year":"1956","unstructured":"Lissner HR, Evans GF (1956) Engineering aspects of fractures. Clin Orthopaedics 8:310\u2013322","journal-title":"Clin Orthopaedics"},{"key":"1902_CR32","unstructured":"Loyd AM (2011) Studies of the human head from neonate to adult: an inertial, geometrical and structural analysis with comparisons to the atd head. PhD thesis, Duke University, https:\/\/api.semanticscholar.org\/CorpusID:107613452"},{"key":"1902_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.06.027","volume":"93","author":"AM Loyd","year":"2019","unstructured":"Loyd AM, Nightingale RW, Luck JF et al (2019) The response of the pediatric head to impacts onto a rigid surface. J Biomech 93:167\u2013176. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2019.06.027","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"1902_CR34","unstructured":"LST (2002) Ls-dyna keyword users manual: volume ii material models"},{"issue":"2","key":"1902_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6636(94)00053-0","volume":"20","author":"A Matzenmiller","year":"1995","unstructured":"Matzenmiller A, Lubliner J, Taylor RL (1995) A constitutive model for anisotropic damage in fiber-composites. Mech Mater 20(2):125\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0167-6636(94)00053-0","journal-title":"Mech Mater"},{"issue":"1","key":"1902_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(80)90003-2","volume":"13","author":"GK McPherson","year":"1980","unstructured":"McPherson GK, Kriewall TJ (1980) The elastic modulus of fetal cranial bone: a first step towards an understanding of the biomechanics of fetal head molding. J Biomech 13(1):9\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0021-9290(80)90003-2","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"1902_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4050127","author":"RM Metcalf","year":"2021","unstructured":"Metcalf RM, Comstock JM, Coats B (2021) High-rate anisotropic properties in human infant parietal and occipital bone. J Biomechan Eng. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.4050127","journal-title":"J Biomechan Eng"},{"issue":"2","key":"1902_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"B27","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1553445","volume":"56","author":"GW Milton","year":"2003","unstructured":"Milton GW, Sawicki A (2003) Theory of composites. Cambridge monographs on applied and computational mathematics. Appl Mech Rev 56(2):B27\u2013B28. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1115\/1.1553445","journal-title":"Appl Mech Rev"},{"key":"1902_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2015.11.018","volume":"93","author":"MJ Mirzaali","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mirzaali MJ, Schwiedrzik JJ, Thaiwichai S et al (2016) Mechanical properties of cortical bone and their relationships with age, gender, composition and microindentation properties in the elderly. Bone 93:196\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bone.2015.11.018","journal-title":"Bone"},{"issue":"2","key":"1902_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.4249\/scholarpedia.1883","volume":"4","author":"LE Peterson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Peterson LE (2009) K-nearest neighbor. Scholarpedia 4(2):1883. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4249\/scholarpedia.1883","journal-title":"Scholarpedia"},{"key":"1902_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.4271\/2004-22-0013","volume":"48","author":"MT Prange","year":"2004","unstructured":"Prange MT, Luck JF, Dibb A et al (2004) Mechanical properties and anthropometry of the human infant head. Stapp Car Crash J 48:279\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4271\/2004-22-0013","journal-title":"Stapp Car Crash J"},{"issue":"6","key":"1902_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(75)90075-5","volume":"8","author":"DT Reilly","year":"1975","unstructured":"Reilly DT, Burstein AH (1975) The elastic and ultimate properties of compact bone tissue. J Biomech 8(6):393\u2013405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0021-9290(75)90075-5","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"3","key":"1902_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(74)90018-9","volume":"7","author":"DT Reilly","year":"1974","unstructured":"Reilly DT, Burstein AH, Frankel VH (1974) The elastic modulus for bone. J Biomech 7(3):271\u2013275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0021-9290(74)90018-9","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"7","key":"1902_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1990","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-022-02345-9","volume":"93","author":"TM Ruiz-Maldonado","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ruiz-Maldonado TM, Alsanea Y, Coats B (2023) Age-related skull fracture patterns in infants after low-height falls. Pediatr Res 93(7):1990\u20131998. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41390-022-02345-9","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"1902_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2021.104743","volume":"124","author":"P Sahandifar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sahandifar P, Kleiven S (2021) Influence of nonlinear soft tissue modeling on the external and internal forces during lateral hip impacts. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 124:104743. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2021.104743","journal-title":"J Mech Behav Biomed Mater"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"1902_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/0025-5564(80)90061-9","volume":"48","author":"MA Savageau","year":"1980","unstructured":"Savageau MA (1980) Growth equations: A general equation and a survey of special cases. Math Biosci 48(3\u20134):267\u2013278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0025-5564(80)90061-9","journal-title":"Math Biosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1902_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(73)90035-3","volume":"6","author":"A Simkin","year":"1973","unstructured":"Simkin A, Robin G (1973) The mechanical testing of bone in bending. J Biomech 6(1):31\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0021-9290(73)90035-3","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"7","key":"1902_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1080\/08035250500464923","volume":"95","author":"I Talvik","year":"2006","unstructured":"Talvik I, Metsvaht T, Leito K et al (2006) Inflicted traumatic brain injury (itbi) or shaken baby syndrome (sbs) in estonia. Acta Paediatr 95(7):799\u2013804. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08035250500464923","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"1902_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02116216","volume":"92","author":"W Weber","year":"1984","unstructured":"Weber W (1984) Experimental studies of skull fractures in infants. Z Rechtsmed J Leg Med 92(2):87\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf02116216","journal-title":"Z Rechtsmed J Leg Med"},{"key":"1902_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/bf00198677","volume":"94","author":"W Weber","year":"1985","unstructured":"Weber W (1985) Biomechanical fragility of skull fractures in infants. Z Rechtsmed 94:93\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf00198677","journal-title":"Z Rechtsmed"},{"issue":"1","key":"1902_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(71)90010-8","volume":"4","author":"JL Wood","year":"1971","unstructured":"Wood JL (1971) Dynamic response of human cranial bone. J Biomech 4(1):1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0021-9290(71)90010-8","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"8","key":"1902_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2011.11.012","volume":"34","author":"AD Wright","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wright AD, Laing AC (2012) The influence of headform orientation and flooring systems on impact dynamics during simulated fall-related head impacts. Med Eng Phys 34(8):1071\u20131078. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medengphy.2011.11.012","journal-title":"Med Eng Phys"}],"container-title":["Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10237-024-01902-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10237-024-01902-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10237-024-01902-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,22]],"date-time":"2025-02-22T19:05:21Z","timestamp":1740251121000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10237-024-01902-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["1902"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10237-024-01902-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1617-7959","1617-7940"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1617-7959","type":"print"},{"value":"1617-7940","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 May 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 October 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 November 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}