{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T04:24:38Z","timestamp":1789619078450,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750809600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomech Model Mechanobiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Ventilation of the maxillary sinus is essential for regulating pressure, preventing infection and providing mucous to the nasal anatomy. During infection, the pathway between the sinus and the nasal airway (ostia) can become inflamed and restrict ventilation. Surgery is often required to restore airflow. The current surgical standard involves the widening of the ostium. Although this restores fluid flow, it has been linked to post-surgical sequelae. This study examined the effects of pulsating flow and geometric modifications on airflow distribution in a T-junction model analogous to a nasal maxillary ostium. A circular T-junction with variable anterior and posterior radius of curvature (\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$$R_c$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                          <mml:msub>\n                            <mml:mi>R<\/mml:mi>\n                            <mml:mi>c<\/mml:mi>\n                          <\/mml:msub>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    ) was used to simulate airflow through the nasal maxillary ostium, investigating flow behaviour under oscillatory inlet velocities at frequencies of 30, 45, 60, and 75 Hz. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations assessed how flow distribution through the nasal cavity and maxillary ostium (represented by the\n                    <jats:italic>x<\/jats:italic>\n                    - and\n                    <jats:italic>y<\/jats:italic>\n                    -branches) is affected by curvature and oscillatory frequency, focusing on implications for respiratory airflow, particle delivery and inhalation toxicology. Results indicated that increasing the anterior\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <jats:alternatives>\n                        <jats:tex-math>$$R_c$$<\/jats:tex-math>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                          <mml:msub>\n                            <mml:mi>R<\/mml:mi>\n                            <mml:mi>c<\/mml:mi>\n                          <\/mml:msub>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:alternatives>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    enhanced airflow into the\n                    <jats:italic>y<\/jats:italic>\n                    -branch (analogous to the maxillary ostium), while posterior curvature had minimal impact. Higher oscillatory frequencies increased reverse flow, which may improve ventilation but could interfere with consistent drug delivery. These insights are valuable for optimising respiratory therapies and inhalation toxicology.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-025-01971-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T14:19:31Z","timestamp":1750861171000},"page":"1343-1362","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Increasing airflow ventilation in a nasal maxillary ostium using optimised shape and pulsating flows"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Patrick","family":"Warfield-McAlpine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David F.","family":"Fletcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiao","family":"Inthavong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"1971_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.2500\/ajr.2007.21.3102","volume":"21","author":"WT Anselmo-Lima","year":"2007","unstructured":"Anselmo-Lima WT, Seabra Ferreira MD, Pereira Valera FC, Rossato M, De Mello VR, Demarco RC (2007) Histological evaluation of maxillary sinus mucosa after functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Am J Rhinol 21:719\u2013724","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol"},{"key":"1971_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2016.04.008","volume":"4","author":"S Bose","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bose S, Grammer LC, Peters AT (2016) Infectious chronic rhinosinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 4:584\u2013589","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"1971_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0112223","volume":"34","author":"K Bradshaw","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bradshaw K, Warfield-McAlpine P, Vahaji S, Emmerling J, Salati H, Sacks R, Fletcher DF, Singh N, Inthavong K (2022) New insights into the breathing physiology from transient respiratory nasal simulation. Phys Fluids 34:115103","journal-title":"Phys Fluids"},{"key":"1971_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2011.25.3669","volume":"25","author":"XB Chen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chen XB, Lee HP, Chong VFH, Wang DY (2011) Aerodynamic characteristics inside the rhino-sinonasal cavity after functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Am J Rhinol Allergy 25:388\u2013392","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol Allergy"},{"key":"1971_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.07.027","volume":"163","author":"D Doorly","year":"2008","unstructured":"Doorly D, Taylor D, Schroter R (2008) Mechanics of airflow in the human nasal airways. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 163:100\u2013110","journal-title":"Respir Physiol Neurobiol"},{"key":"1971_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2011.09.023","volume":"421","author":"M Durand","year":"2011","unstructured":"Durand M, Pourchez J, Aubert G, Le Guellec S, Navarro L, Forest V, Rusch P, Cottier M (2011) Impact of acoustic airflow nebulization on intrasinus drug deposition of a human plastinated nasal cast: new insights into the mechanisms involved. Int J Pharm 421:63\u201371","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"1971_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrnm.2018.07.009","volume":"49","author":"MW El-Anwar","year":"2018","unstructured":"El-Anwar MW, Raafat A, Almolla RM, Alsowey AM, Elzayat S (2018) Maxillary sinus ostium assessment: a CT study. Egypt J Radiol Nuclear Med 49:1009\u20131013","journal-title":"Egypt J Radiol Nuclear Med"},{"key":"1971_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2020.103816","volume":"123","author":"A Farnoud","year":"2020","unstructured":"Farnoud A, Baumann I, Rashidi MM, Schmid O, Gutheil E (2020) Simulation of patient-specific bi-directional pulsating nasal aerosol dispersion and deposition with clockwise 45$$^\\circ$$ and 90$$^\\circ$$ nosepieces. Comput Biol Med 123:103816","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"1971_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21203","volume":"3","author":"DO Frank","year":"2013","unstructured":"Frank DO, Zanation AM, Dhandha VH, McKinney KA, Fleischman GM, Ebert CS Jr, Senior BA, Kimbell JS (2013) Quantification of airflow into the maxillary sinuses before and after functional endoscopic sinus surgery. Int Forum Allergy & Rhinol 3:834\u2013840","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy & Rhinol"},{"key":"1971_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2611","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2188887","volume":"119","author":"S Granqvist","year":"2006","unstructured":"Granqvist S, Sundberg J, Lundberg JO, Weitzberg E (2006) Paranasal sinus ventilation by humming. J Acoustical Soc Am 119:2611\u20132617","journal-title":"J Acoustical Soc Am"},{"key":"1971_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1097\/MLG.0b013e31818208c1","volume":"118","author":"A Grobler","year":"2008","unstructured":"Grobler A, Weitzel EK, Buele A, Jardeleza C, Cheong YC, Field J, Wormald PJ (2008) Pre-and postoperative sinus penetration of nasal irrigation. Laryngoscope 118:2078\u20132081","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"1971_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.91615.2008","volume":"107","author":"CM Hood","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hood CM, Schroter RC, Doorly DJ, Blenke EJ, Tolley NS (2009) Computational modeling of flow and gas exchange in models of the human maxillary sinus. J Appl Physiol 107:1195\u20131203","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"1971_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2019.04.019","volume":"563","author":"S Hosseini","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hosseini S, Golshahi L (2019) An in vitro evaluation of importance of airway anatomy in sub-regional nasal and paranasal drug delivery with nebulizers using three different anatomical nasal airway replicas of 2-, 5-and 50-year old human subjects. Int J Pharm 563:426\u2013436","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"1971_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2018.09.010","volume":"102","author":"K Inthavong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Inthavong K, Chetty A, Shang Y, Tu J (2018) Examining mesh independence for flow dynamics in the human nasal cavity. Comput Biol Med 102:40\u201350","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"1971_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22476","volume":"10","author":"K Inthavong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Inthavong K, Shang Y, Wong E, Singh N (2020) Characterization of nasal irrigation flow from a squeeze bottle using computational fluid dynamics. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 10:29\u201340","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"key":"1971_CR16","first-page":"CD004458","volume":"3","author":"H Khalil","year":"2006","unstructured":"Khalil H, Nunez D (2006) Functional endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3:CD004458","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"1971_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3108417","volume":"110","author":"J Khodadadi","year":"1988","unstructured":"Khodadadi J, Vlachos N, Liepsch D, Moravec S (1988) LDA measurements and numerical prediction of pulsatile laminar flow in a plane 90-degree bifurcation. J Biomech Eng 110:129\u2013136","journal-title":"J Biomech Eng"},{"key":"1971_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1177\/194589240201600508","volume":"16","author":"RK Kirihene","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kirihene RK, Rees G, Wormald PJ (2002) The influence of the size of the maxillary sinus ostium on the nasal and sinus nitric oxide levels. Am J Rhinol 16:261\u2013264","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol"},{"key":"1971_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1089\/jam.2007.0569","volume":"20","author":"BL Laube","year":"2007","unstructured":"Laube BL (2007) Devices for aerosol delivery to treat sinusitis. J Aerosol Med 20:S5\u2013S18","journal-title":"J Aerosol Med"},{"key":"1971_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-014-1330-6","volume":"31","author":"L Leclerc","year":"2014","unstructured":"Leclerc L, Pourchez J, Aubert G, Leguellec S, Vecellio L, Cottier M, Durand M (2014) Impact of airborne particle size, acoustic airflow and breathing pattern on delivery of nebulized antibiotic into the maxillary sinuses using a realistic human nasal replica. Pharm Res 31:2335\u20132343","journal-title":"Pharm Res"},{"key":"1971_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2006.01654.x","volume":"36","author":"M Maniscalco","year":"2006","unstructured":"Maniscalco M, Sofia M, Weitzberg E, Lundberg J (2006) Sounding airflow enhances aerosol delivery into the paranasal sinuses. Eur J Clin Invest 36:509\u2013513","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"1971_CR22","first-page":"405","volume":"47","author":"W Moeller","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moeller W, Schuschnig U, Meyer G, H\u00e4ussinger K, Keller M, Junge-H\u00fclsing B, Mentzel H (2009) Ventilation and aerosolized drug delivery to the paranasal sinuses using pulsating airflow-\"a preliminary study\". Rhinology 47:405","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"1971_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1517\/17425247.2010.523078","volume":"7","author":"W M\u00f6ller","year":"2010","unstructured":"M\u00f6ller W, M\u00fcnzing W, Canis M (2010) Clinical potential of pulsating aerosol for sinus drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 7:1239\u20131245","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Deliv"},{"key":"1971_CR24","first-page":"213","volume":"46","author":"W M\u00f6ller","year":"2008","unstructured":"M\u00f6ller W, Schuschnig U, Meyer G, Mentzel H, Keller M (2008) Ventilation and drug delivery to the paranasal sinuses: studies in a nasal cast using pulsating airflow. Rhinology 46:213\u2013220","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"1971_CR25","first-page":"32","volume":"38","author":"S Nouraei","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nouraei S, Elisay A, Dimarco A, Abdi R, Majidi H, Madani S, Andrews P (2009) Variations in paranasal sinus anatomy: implications for the pathophysiology of chronic rhinosinusitis and safety of endoscopic sinus surgery. J Otolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 38:32","journal-title":"J Otolaryngol-Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"1971_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.120927","volume":"606","author":"O Pourmehran","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pourmehran O, Arjomandi M, Cazzolato B, Tian Z, Vreugde S, Javadiyan S, Psaltis AJ, Wormald PJ (2021) Acoustic drug delivery to the maxillary sinus. Int J Pharm 606:120927","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"1971_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2020.105398","volume":"151","author":"O Pourmehran","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pourmehran O, Cazzolato B, Tian Z, Arjomandi M (2020) Acoustically-driven drug delivery to maxillary sinuses: Aero-acoustic analysis. Eur J Pharm Sci 151:105398","journal-title":"Eur J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"1971_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-010-0047-z","volume":"62","author":"L Prasanna","year":"2010","unstructured":"Prasanna L, Mamatha H (2010) The location of maxillary sinus ostium and its clinical application. Indian J Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg 62:335\u2013337","journal-title":"Indian J Otolaryngol Head & Neck Surg"},{"key":"1971_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.20072","volume":"1","author":"L Rudmik","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rudmik L, Soler ZM, Orlandi RR, Stewart MG, Bhattacharyya N, Kennedy DW, Smith TL (2011) Early postoperative care following endoscopic sinus surgery: an evidence-based review with recommendations. Int Forum Allergy & Rhinol 1:417\u2013430","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy & Rhinol"},{"key":"1971_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4048210","volume":"13","author":"F Selimefendigil","year":"2021","unstructured":"Selimefendigil F, \u00d6ztop HF, Khodadadi JM (2021) Forced convection laminar pulsating flow in a 90-deg bifurcation. J Therm Sci Eng Appl 13:031009","journal-title":"J Therm Sci Eng Appl"},{"key":"1971_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2012.12.005","volume":"186","author":"XA Si","year":"2013","unstructured":"Si XA, Xi J, Kim J, Zhou Y, Zhong H (2013) Modeling of release position and ventilation effects on olfactory aerosol drug delivery. Respir Physiol & Neurobiol 186:22\u201332","journal-title":"Respir Physiol & Neurobiol"},{"key":"1971_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2020.105237","volume":"81","author":"J Siu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Siu J, Inthavong K, Dong J, Shang Y, Douglas RG (2021) Nasal air conditioning following total inferior turbinectomy compared to inferior turbinoplasty-a computational fluid dynamics study. Clin Biomech 81:105237","journal-title":"Clin Biomech"},{"key":"1971_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2019.103573","volume":"116","author":"J Siu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Siu J, Shrestha K, Inthavong K, Shang Y, Douglas R (2020) Particle deposition in the paranasal sinuses following endoscopic sinus surgery. Comput Biol Med 116:103573","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"1971_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.02.017","volume":"520","author":"J Xi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xi J, Si XA, Peters S, Nevorski D, Wen T, Lehman M (2017) Understanding the mechanisms underlying pulsating aerosol delivery to the maxillary sinus: In vitro tests and computational simulations. Int J Pharm 520:254\u2013266","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"1971_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-008-0384-1","volume":"46","author":"G Xiong","year":"2008","unstructured":"Xiong G, Zhan J, Zuo K, Li J, Rong L, Xu G (2008) Numerical flow simulation in the post-endoscopic sinus surgery nasal cavity. Med & Biol Eng & Comput 46:1161\u20131167","journal-title":"Med & Biol Eng & Comput"},{"key":"1971_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1017\/jfm.2017.620","volume":"831","author":"D Xu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xu D, Warnecke S, Song B, Ma X, Hof B (2017) Transition to turbulence in pulsating pipe flow. J Fluid Mech 831:418\u2013432","journal-title":"J Fluid Mech"}],"container-title":["Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10237-025-01971-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10237-025-01971-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10237-025-01971-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T22:49:46Z","timestamp":1757198986000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10237-025-01971-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["1971"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10237-025-01971-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1617-7959","1617-7940"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1617-7959","type":"print"},{"value":"1617-7940","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 June 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no Conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}