{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T17:11:56Z","timestamp":1787073116183,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772668800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003289","name":"Ministry of Aliyah and Integration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Center for Integration in Science"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Center for Integration in Science"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003289","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Samuel H. Born Fund for Biomedical Research"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006260","name":"Technion - Israel Institute of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006260","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biomech Model Mechanobiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Pressure ulcers remain a persistent and serious complication in clinical care, often originating in deep soft tissues before becoming visible on the skin surface and leading to suffering, prolonged hospital stays, and increased healthcare costs. Individual variability in soft tissue composition and mechanical properties plays a critical role in modulating internal stress and strain distributions during prolonged loading. In this study, we used anatomically representative finite element models to investigate inter-individual differences in tissue vulnerability under localized pressure. Two multilayered models, incorporating variations in epidermal, dermal, adipose, and muscular thickness, density, and stiffness, were subjected to clinically relevant pressure magnitudes (2\u201310\u00a0kPa), simulating conditions associated with immobility and device-related compression. Mechanobiological metrics, including effective stress, effective strain, and percentile-based exposure thresholds, were computed to quantify internal tissue load transmission and damage risk. Model outputs revealed that high stress localized in superficial layers, while strain peaked in deeper tissues, especially adipose and muscle. Simulated reductions in tissue stiffness, reflecting age- or disease-related softening, further exacerbated internal loading, increasing stress-exposed tissue volume by up to 1.5 times and strain-exposed volume by up to 1.2 times. These results highlight the biomechanical consequences of anatomical and material variability and support the development of personalized risk assessment tools. The proposed modeling approach contributes to mechanobiology-informed strategies for pressure ulcer prevention in high-risk populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-026-02046-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T09:50:54Z","timestamp":1772704254000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Finite element modeling of inter-individual variation in soft tissue mechanical response to localized pressure"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Anastasiia","family":"Simonova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksei","family":"Orlov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daphne","family":"Weihs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2046_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.13173","volume":"16","author":"MB Alvarez-Elizondo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alvarez-Elizondo MB, Barenholz-Cohen T, Weihs D (2019) Sodium pyruvate pre-treatment prevents cell death due to localised, damaging mechanical strains in the context of pressure ulcers. Int Wound J 16(5):1153\u20131163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/iwj.13173","journal-title":"Int Wound J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2046_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1097\/00129334-200501000-00016","volume":"18","author":"M Ankrom","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ankrom M, Bennett R, Sprigle S, Langemo D (2005) Pressure-related deep tissue injury under intact skin and the current pressure ulcer staging systems. Adv Skin Wound Care 18(1):35\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00129334-200501000-00016","journal-title":"Adv Skin Wound Care"},{"key":"2046_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1111\/JEP.12079","volume":"20","author":"C B\u00e5\u00e5th","year":"2014","unstructured":"B\u00e5\u00e5th C, Idvall E, Gunningberg L, Hommel A (2014) Pressure-reducing interventions among persons with pressure ulcers: results from the first three national pressure ulcer prevalence surveys in Sweden. J Eval Clin Pract 20:58\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/JEP.12079","journal-title":"J Eval Clin Pract"},{"issue":"10","key":"2046_CR4","first-page":"34","volume":"53","author":"D Berlowitz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Berlowitz D, Brienza D (2007) Are all pressure ulcers the result of deep tissue injury? A review of the literature. Ostomy Wound Manag 53(10):34\u201338","journal-title":"Ostomy Wound Manag"},{"issue":"6","key":"2046_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1097\/00075197-200111000-00006","volume":"4","author":"E Blaak","year":"2001","unstructured":"Blaak E (2001) Gender differences in fat metabolism. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 4(6):499\u2013502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00075197-200111000-00006","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"2046_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.09.011","volume":"44","author":"WJ Choi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Choi WJ, Robinovitch SN (2011) Pressure distribution over the palm region during forward falls on the outstretched hands. J Biomech 44(3):532\u2013539. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.09.011","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"10","key":"2046_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2222","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.12405","volume":"70","author":"S Coleman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Coleman S, Nixon J, Keen J, Wilson L, McGinnis E, Dealey C, Stubbs N, Farrin A, Dowding D, Schols JMGA, Cuddigan J, Berlowitz D, Jude E, Vowden P, Schoonhoven L, Bader DL, Gefen A, Oomens CWJ, Nelson EA (2014) A new pressure ulcer conceptual framework. J Adv Nurs 70(10):2222\u20132234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jan.12405","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"issue":"4","key":"2046_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104148","volume":"25","author":"X Cui","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cui X, Huang F, Zhang X, Song P (2022) Flexible pressure sensors via engineering microstructures for wearable human machine interaction and health monitoring applications. iScience 25(4):104148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104148","journal-title":"iScience"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"2046_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2008.11.009","volume":"42","author":"S Derler","year":"2009","unstructured":"Derler S, Gerhardt L-C, Lenz A, Bertaux E, Hadad M (2009) Friction of human skin against smooth and rough glass as a function of the contact pressure. Tribol Int 42(11\u201312):1565\u20131574. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.triboint.2008.11.009","journal-title":"Tribol Int"},{"key":"2046_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2022.04.030","volume":"146","author":"X Feng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Feng X, Li G, Ramier A (2022) In vivo stiffness measurement of epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis using broadband Rayleigh-wave optical coherence elastography. Acta Biomater 146:295\u2013305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actbio.2022.04.030","journal-title":"Acta Biomater"},{"key":"2046_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.12968\/JOWC.2020.29.SUP12.S6","volume":"29","author":"A Gefen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gefen A (2020) Pressure ulcer prevention dressing design and biomechanical efficacy. J Wound Care 29:6\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12968\/JOWC.2020.29.SUP12.S6","journal-title":"J Wound Care"},{"issue":"Sup3a","key":"2046_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2022.31.Sup3a.S1","volume":"31","author":"A Gefen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gefen A, Alves P, Ciprandi G, Coyer F, Milne CT, Ousey K, Ohura N, Waters N, Worsley P, Black J, Barakat-Johnson M, Beeckman D, Fletcher J, Kirkland-Kyhn H, Lahmann NA, Moore Z, Payan Y, Schl\u00fcer A-B (2022a) Device-related pressure ulcers: SECURE prevention. Second edition. J Wound Care 31(Sup3a):S1\u2013S72. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12968\/jowc.2022.31.Sup3a.S1","journal-title":"J Wound Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"2046_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.13667","volume":"19","author":"A Gefen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gefen A, Brienza DM, Cuddigan J, Haesler E, Kottner J (2022b) Our contemporary understanding of the aetiology of pressure ulcers\/pressure injuries. Int Wound J 19(3):692\u2013704. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/iwj.13667","journal-title":"Int Wound J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2046_CR14","first-page":"53","volume":"63","author":"K Hattori","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hattori K, Numata N, Ikoma M, Matsuzaka A (1991) Sex differences in the distribution of subcutaneous and internal fat. Hum Biol 63(1):53\u201363","journal-title":"Hum Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2046_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2005.07.001","volume":"28","author":"FM Hendriks","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hendriks FM, Brokken D, Oomens CWJ, Bader DL, Baaijens FPT (2006) The relative contributions of different skin layers to the mechanical behavior of human skin in vivo using suction experiments. Med Eng Phys 28(3):259\u2013266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medengphy.2005.07.001","journal-title":"Med Eng Phys"},{"key":"2046_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-19937-4","volume":"12","author":"J Hoffmann","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hoffmann J, Thiele J, Kwast St, Borger M, Schroter Th (2022) Measurement of subcutaneous fat tissue: reliability and comparison of caliper and ultrasound via systematic body mapping. Sci Rep 12:15798. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-19937-4","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"2046_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASW.0000391184.43845.c1","volume":"23","author":"ML Jenkins","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jenkins ML, O\u2019Neal E (2010) Pressure ulcer prevalence and incidence in acute care. Adv Skin Wound Care 23(12):556\u2013559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.ASW.0000391184.43845.c1","journal-title":"Adv Skin Wound Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"2046_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-001-0562-4","volume":"86","author":"L Johansson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Johansson L, H\u00e4gg G, Fischer T (2002) Skin blood flow in the human hand in relation to applied pressure. Eur J Appl Physiol 86(5):394\u2013400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-001-0562-4","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"2046_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-56595-0","volume":"14","author":"A Joutsen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Joutsen A, C\u00f6mert A, Kaappa E (2024) ECG signal quality in intermittent long-term dry electrode recordings with controlled motion artifacts. Sci Rep 14:8882. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-56595-0","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2046_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-024-02558-9","volume":"24","author":"U Kandula","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kandula U (2025) Impact of multifaceted interventions on pressure injury prevention: a systematic review. BMC Nurs 24:11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12912-024-02558-9","journal-title":"BMC Nurs"},{"key":"2046_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2329-8847.1000156","volume":"4","author":"A Karla","year":"2016","unstructured":"Karla A, Lowe A, Jumaily A (2016) An overview of factors affecting the skin\u2019s Young\u2019s modulus. J Ageing Sci 4:2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4172\/2329-8847.1000156","journal-title":"J Ageing Sci"},{"key":"2046_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtv.2017.10.004","volume":"27","author":"R Katzengold","year":"2018","unstructured":"Katzengold R, Topaz M, Gefen A (2018) Dynamic computational simulations for evaluating tissue loads applied by regulated negative pressure-assisted wound therapy (RNPT) system for treating large wounds. J Tissue Viability 27:101\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtv.2017.10.004","journal-title":"J Tissue Viability"},{"issue":"1","key":"2046_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtv.2021.06.004","volume":"31","author":"B Keenan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Keenan B, Evans S, Oomens CWJ (2022) A review of foot finite element modelling for pressure ulcer prevention in bedrest: current perspectives and future recommendations. J Tissue Viability 31(1):73\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtv.2021.06.004","journal-title":"J Tissue Viability"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2046_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s00276-002-0034-5","volume":"24","author":"Y Lee","year":"2002","unstructured":"Lee Y, Hwang K (2002) Skin thickness of Korean adults. Surg Radiol Anat 24(3\u20134):183\u2013189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00276-002-0034-5","journal-title":"Surg Radiol Anat"},{"issue":"7","key":"2046_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1177\/0954411919851387","volume":"233","author":"I Leung","year":"2019","unstructured":"Leung I, Fleming L, Walton K, Barrans S (2019) Finite element analysis to model ischemia experienced in the development of device related pressure ulcers. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 233(7):745\u2013753. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0954411919851387","journal-title":"Proc Inst Mech Eng H"},{"key":"2046_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2013.04.015","volume":"28","author":"A Levy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Levy A, Kopplin K, Gefen A (2013) Simulations of skin and subcutaneous tissue loading in the buttocks while regaining weight-bearing after a push-up in wheelchair users. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 28:436\u2013447. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2013.04.015","journal-title":"J Mech Behav Biomed Mater"},{"issue":"1","key":"2046_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtv.2013.12.005","volume":"23","author":"A Levy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Levy A, Kopplin K, Gefen A (2014) An air-cell-based cushion for pressure ulcer protection remarkably reduces tissue stresses in the seated buttocks with respect to foams: finite element studies. J Tissue Viability 23(1):13\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtv.2013.12.005","journal-title":"J Tissue Viability"},{"issue":"4","key":"2046_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2009.2033464","volume":"57","author":"X Liang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Liang X, Boppart SA (2010) Biomechanical properties of in vivo human skin from dynamic optical coherence elastography. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 57(4):953\u2013959. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TBME.2009.2033464","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"6","key":"2046_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00888.2003","volume":"96","author":"E Linder-Ganz","year":"2004","unstructured":"Linder-Ganz E, Gefen A (2004) Mechanical compression-induced pressure sores in rat hindlimb: muscle stiffness, histology, and computational models. J Appl Physiol 96(6):2034\u20132049. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/japplphysiol.00888.2003","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2046_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.004","volume":"47","author":"V Luboz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Luboz V, Petrizelli M, Bucki M, Diot B (2014) Biomechanical modeling to prevent ischial pressure ulcers. J Biomech 47(10):2231\u20132236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.05.004","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"key":"2046_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JCLINANE.2014.01.012","volume":"26","author":"J Lumbley","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lumbley J, Ali S, Tchokouani L (2014) Retrospective review of predisposing factors for intraoperative pressure ulcer development. J Clin Anesth 26:368\u2013374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JCLINANE.2014.01.012","journal-title":"J Clin Anesth"},{"key":"2046_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.13707","volume":"19","author":"M Lustig","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lustig M, Gefen A (2022) Computational studies of the biomechanical efficacy of a minimum tissue deformation mattress in protecting from sacral pressure ulcers in a supine position. Int Wound J 19:1111\u20131120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/iwj.13707","journal-title":"Int Wound J"},{"key":"2046_CR33","unstructured":"Lyder C, Ayello E (2008) Chapter 12, pressure ulcers: a patient safety issue. In: Hughes RG (ed) Patient safety and quality: an evidence-based handbook for nurses. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US). https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK2650\/#A5304"},{"key":"2046_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-04767-1","volume":"12","author":"B Lynch","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lynch B, Pageon H, Le Blay H, Brizion S, Bastein P (2022) A mechanistic view on the aging human skin through ex vivo layer-by-layer analysis of mechanics and microstructure of facial and mammary dermis. Sci Rep 12:849. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-04767-1","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2046_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2019.01.009","volume":"62","author":"A Marom","year":"2019","unstructured":"Marom A, Berkovitch Y, Toume S, Alvarez-Elizondo MB, Weihs D (2019) Non-damaging stretching combined with sodium pyruvate supplement accelerate migration of fibroblasts and myoblasts during gap closure. Clin Biomech 62:96\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2019.01.009","journal-title":"Clin Biomech"},{"issue":"4","key":"2046_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2018.12.069","volume":"81","author":"J Mervis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mervis J, Phillips T (2019) Pressure ulcers: pathophysiology, epidemiology, risk factors, and presentation. J Am Acad Dermatol 81(4):881\u2013890. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaad.2018.12.069","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"2046_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutos.2021.11.007","volume":"41","author":"H Nosslinger","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nosslinger H, Mair E, Toplak H, Hormann-Wallner M (2022) Measuring subcutaneous fat thickness using skinfold calipers vs. high-resolution B-scan ultrasonography in healthy volunteers: a pilot study. Clin Nutr 41:19\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nutos.2021.11.007","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"2046_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.4103\/tjps.TJPS_2_17","volume":"26","author":"P Oltulu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Oltulu P, Ince B, Kokbudak N (2018) Measurement of epidermis, dermis, and total skin thicknesses from six different body regions with a new ethical histometric technique. Turk J Plast Surg 26(2):56\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/tjps.TJPS_2_17","journal-title":"Turk J Plast Surg"},{"key":"2046_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-014-1202-6","volume":"43","author":"C Oomens","year":"2015","unstructured":"Oomens C, Bader D, Loerakker S (2015) Pressure induced deep tissue injury explained. Ann Biomed Eng 43:297\u2013305. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10439-014-1202-6","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"4","key":"2046_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.13942","volume":"20","author":"A Orlov","year":"2023","unstructured":"Orlov A, Gefen A (2023) Differences in prophylactic performance across wound dressing types used to protect from device-related pressure ulcers caused by a continuous positive airway pressure mask. Int Wound J 20(4):942\u2013960. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/iwj.13942","journal-title":"Int Wound J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2046_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-11027-5","volume":"15","author":"Y Pang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pang Y, Du Y, Zhou W (2025) Trend analysis of pressure ulcers in adults 60 years and older from 1990 to 2021 using jointpoint regression and Bayesian age period cohort models. Sci Rep 15(1):25198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-11027-5","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"2046_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-021-01423-x","volume":"20","author":"A Rabiatul","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rabiatul A, Fatihhi S, Zakaria Z (2021) Fluid\u2013structure interaction (FSI) modeling of bone marrow through trabecular bone structure under compression. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 20(3):957\u2013968. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10237-021-01423-x","journal-title":"Biomech Model Mechanobiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2046_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.8.974","volume":"296","author":"M Reddy","year":"2006","unstructured":"Reddy M, Gill SS, Rochon PA (2006) Preventing pressure ulcers: a systematic review. JAMA 296(8):974\u2013974. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.296.8.974","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2046_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-021-01424-w","volume":"20","author":"D Sachs","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sachs D, Wahlsten A, Kozerke S (2021) A biphasic multilayer computational model of human skin. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 20:969\u2013982. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10237-021-01424-w","journal-title":"Biomech Model Mechanobiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2046_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2018.1466117","volume":"21","author":"L Savonnet","year":"2018","unstructured":"Savonnet L, Wang X, Duprey S (2018) Finite element models of the thigh-buttock complex for assessing static sitting discomfort and pressure sore risk. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Eng 21(4):379\u2013388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10255842.2018.1466117","journal-title":"Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"4","key":"2046_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtv.2024.07.006","volume":"33","author":"D Sezgin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sezgin D, Petrovic M, Canavan M, Gonzales GB, Torsy T, Holloway S, Fletcher J, Fourie A, Geraghty J, Neachtain MN, Delaney E, Muntlin \u00c5, McElvaney A, Oda K, Lang D, Karada\u011f A, Gethin G, Probst S, Beeckman D (2024) Prevention of pressure ulcers from the perspective of frailty, pre-frailty, and health and social inequalities: an opinion paper. J Tissue Viability 33(4):701\u2013705. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtv.2024.07.006","journal-title":"J Tissue Viability"},{"key":"2046_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2013.00009","volume":"1","author":"E Shaked","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shaked E, Gefen A (2013) Modeling the effects of moisture-related skin-support friction on the risk for superficial pressure ulcers during patient repositioning in bed. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 1:9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2013.00009","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"key":"2046_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-016-0816-z","volume":"16","author":"N Shoham","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shoham N, Levy A, Shabshin N (2017) A multiscale modeling framework for studying the mechanobiology of sarcopenic obesity. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 16:275\u2013295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10237-016-0816-z","journal-title":"Biomech Model Mechanobiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2046_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-011-0423-1","volume":"40","author":"N Slomka","year":"2012","unstructured":"Slomka N, Gefen A (2012) Relationship between strain levels and permeability of the plasma membrane in statically stretched myoblasts. Ann Biomed Eng 40(3):606\u2013618. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10439-011-0423-1","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"5","key":"2046_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2006.04140.x","volume":"57","author":"K Spilsbury","year":"2007","unstructured":"Spilsbury K, Nelson A, Cullum N, Iglesias C, Nixon J, Mason S (2007) Pressure ulcers and their treatment and effects on quality of life: hospital inpatient perspectives. J Adv Nurs 57(5):494\u2013504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2006.04140.x","journal-title":"J Adv Nurs"},{"issue":"7","key":"2046_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2008.01.012","volume":"89","author":"A Stekelenburg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Stekelenburg A, Gawlitta D, Bader DL, Oomens CW (2008) Deep tissue injury: how deep is our understanding? Arch Phys Med Rehabil 89(7):1410\u20131413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2008.01.012","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"8","key":"2046_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2018.2806950","volume":"67","author":"B Taji","year":"2018","unstructured":"Taji B, Chan ADC, Shirmohammadi S (2018) Effect of pressure on skin-electrode impedance in wearable biomedical measurement devices. IEEE Trans Instrum Meas 67(8):1900\u20131912. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/TIM.2018.2806950","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Instrum Meas"},{"key":"2046_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42027-x","volume":"9","author":"T Takeshita","year":"2019","unstructured":"Takeshita T, Yoshida M, Takei Y (2019) Relationship between contact pressure and motion artifacts in ECG measurement with electrostatic flocked electrodes fabricated on textile. Sci Rep 9:5897. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-42027-x","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"2046_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12679","volume":"14","author":"S Toume","year":"2017","unstructured":"Toume S, Gefen A, Weihs D (2017) Low-level stretching accelerates cell migration into a gap. Int Wound J 14(4):698\u2013703. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/iwj.12679","journal-title":"Int Wound J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2046_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1097\/WON.0000000000000292","volume":"44","author":"C VanGilder","year":"2017","unstructured":"VanGilder C, Lachenbruch C, Algrim-Boyle C, Meyer S (2017) The International Pressure Ulcer Prevalence\u2122 survey: 2006\u20132015: a 10-year pressure injury prevalence and demographic trend analysis by care setting. J Wound Ostomy Cont Nurs 44(1):20\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/WON.0000000000000292","journal-title":"J Wound Ostomy Cont Nurs"},{"issue":"4","key":"2046_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1080\/10255840410001727832","volume":"7","author":"M Verver","year":"2004","unstructured":"Verver M, van Hoof J, Oomens CWJ (2004) A finite element model of the human buttocks for prediction of seat pressure distributions. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Eng 7(4):193\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10255840410001727832","journal-title":"Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"1","key":"2046_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.13219","volume":"29","author":"S Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang S, Yu R, Fan W, Li C, Fei W, Li S (2023) Detection of skin thickness and density in healthy Chinese people by using high-frequency ultrasound. Skin Res Technol 29(1):e13219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/srt.13219","journal-title":"Skin Res Technol"},{"key":"2046_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4869","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-024-01199-9","volume":"46","author":"A Woessner","year":"2024","unstructured":"Woessner A, Witt N, Jones JD (2024) Quantification of age-related changes in the structure and mechanical function of skin with multiscale imaging. GeroScience 46:4869\u20134882. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11357-024-01199-9","journal-title":"GeroScience"},{"issue":"3","key":"2046_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12877","volume":"15","author":"T Zeevi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zeevi T, Levy A, Brauner N, Gefen A (2018) Effects of ambient conditions on the risk of pressure injuries in bedridden patients-multi-physics modelling of microclimate. Int Wound J 15(3):402\u2013416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/iwj.12877","journal-title":"Int Wound J"},{"key":"2046_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.103552","volume":"103","author":"Y Zhao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhao Y, Feng B, Lee J (2020) A multi-layered computational model for wrinkling of human skin predicts aging effects. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 103:103552. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2019.103552","journal-title":"J Mech Behav Biomed Mater"},{"issue":"14","key":"2046_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s24144664","volume":"24","author":"D Zhao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhao D, Jia W, Feng X, Yang H (2024) Flexible sensors based on conductive polymer composites. Sensors 24(14):4664. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s24144664","journal-title":"Sensors"}],"container-title":["Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10237-026-02046-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10237-026-02046-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10237-026-02046-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T10:29:33Z","timestamp":1778754573000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10237-026-02046-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["2046"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10237-026-02046-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1617-7959","1617-7940"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1617-7959","type":"print"},{"value":"1617-7940","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"23"}}