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The models were designed to closely replicate conditions from previously conducted ex vivo machine-perfused porcine liver experiments and therefore improve the perspective on microsphere distribution patterns. TARE with holmium-loaded microspheres was performed on an ex vivo machine-perfused porcine liver. Catheter position was imaged using angiography and ultrasound, the hepatic arterial vasculature using 3D cone beam CT, and lobe-specific microsphere distributions using holmium-sensitive T2*-weighted MRI scans. An in-house CFD model based on lattice Boltzmann and discrete element methods was developed. Simulations were parameterized with ex vivo porcine liver geometry and flow conditions as input. To further explore\u00a0the role of catheter angles beyond experimental findings, four catheter angles (0\u00b0, 15\u00b0, 30\u00b0, and 45\u00b0), gradually directed toward the hepatic arterial wall, were evaluated using CFD. Ex vivo ultrasound imaging showed that the catheter was oriented at an angle of 25.2\u00b0 toward the hepatic arterial wall. The simulations revealed that catheter angle strongly influences microsphere distribution, particularly in the branches closest to the injection position (lobe 3\u20135). The correlation between ex vivo and simulated microsphere distributions increased with catheter angle: from poor at 0\u00b0 (r\u2009=\u20090.123), to moderate at 15\u00b0 (r\u2009=\u20090.511), to very strong at 30\u00b0 and 45\u00b0 (r\u2009=\u20090.809 and r\u2009=\u20090.807, respectively). A catheter angle directed toward the hepatic arterial wall can affect microsphere distribution. In current clinical practice, the radial catheter position is not routinely visualized, complicating the reproducibility of catheter tip positioning between scout and therapeutic doses. Future research could focus on improved catheter tip visualization and the development of more stable catheter designs to enhance the reproducibility and efficacy of TARE.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10237-026-02115-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T17:36:20Z","timestamp":1790012180000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of catheter angle on microsphere distribution in transarterial radioembolization: an in silico study based on ex vivo porcine liver data"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4403-7916","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tess J.","family":"Snoeijink","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8720-7949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tristan G.","family":"Vlogman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7875-9135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"van den Brekel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2383-1929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan L.","family":"van der Hoek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7965-6664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joey","family":"Roosen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7041-8603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erik","family":"Groot Jebbink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6540-9304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kartik","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7625-2253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. 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Nijsen is co-founder of Quirem Medical which has been acquired by Terumo Europe NV in July 2020. Nijsen has a scientific advisory role and is entitled to certain milestone payments from Terumo which are related to Quirem\u2019s financial, operational and regulatory performance in the future. Furthermore, Nijsen is inventor on the patents related to radioactive microspheres that are assigned to University Medical Center Utrecht Holding BV, Quirem Medical or BASF Corp. The activities of Nijsen within Quirem Medical are approved and supported by the Board of Directors of the Radboudumc. The other authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"108"}}