{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T18:09:14Z","timestamp":1763748554663,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,23]],"date-time":"2022-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642896000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,23]],"date-time":"2022-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012533","name":"Minia University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012533","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Exp Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p> It is unclear whether direct-acting antiviral drugs (DAAs) result in the complete eradication of HCV infection or whether some quantities of the virus may persist after achieving a sustained virologic response (SVR). <jats:italic>Aim<\/jats:italic> The aim of this work was to study the possibility of the persistence of HCV RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) after achieving SVR following DAA treatment.  This study included 100 patients infected with HCV genotype 4, who were candidates for receiving DAAs and who achieved SVR during follow-up, as determined at 12 and\/or 24\u00a0weeks following the end of treatment. All patients were subjected to demographic, biochemical and hematological assessments. Detection of HCV RNA in the serum and PBMCs and determination of the HCV genotype were performed with real-time PCR.  We detected HCV RNA in the PBMCs of 20 out of 100 (20%) patients infected with HCV genotype 4, who achieved SVR. However, the persistent viral load in the PBMCs was very low (range: 400\u2013900 U\/mL; mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009SD: 645.45\u2009\u00b1\u2009153 U\/mL). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that only the higher posttreatment levels of aspartate transaminase (AST) were significantly predictive of HCV RNA persistence in the PBMCs (OR: 1.29; 95% CI: 1.08\u20131.55). Additionally, according to the Cox proportional hazard model, liver cirrhosis was the only significant risk factor for the persistence of HCV infection in PBMCs (HR: 5.8; 95% CI: 1.3\u201326.1; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.02). Our results indicated the persistence of HCV RNA in some HCV patients who achieved SVR after treatment with DAAs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-022-00791-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,23]],"date-time":"2022-01-23T15:02:26Z","timestamp":1642950146000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of HCV-infected patients following sustained virologic response"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4896-2906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud A.","family":"Khattab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yehia","family":"Zakaria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eslam","family":"Sadek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aliaa S.","family":"Abd EL Fatah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magdy","family":"Fouad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammed","family":"Khattab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hend M.","family":"Moness","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nashwa Mohamed","family":"Adel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elham","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"791_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23979","volume":"86","author":"PD Vidimliski","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vidimliski PD, Nikolov I, Geshkovska NM, Dimovsk A, Rostaing L, Sikole A. Review: occult hepatitis C virus infection: still remains a controversy. J Med Virol. 2014;86(9):1491\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.23979 (PMID: 24895180).","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"791_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62121-2","volume":"383","author":"E Lawitz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lawitz E, Poordad FF, Pang PS, et al. Sofosbuvir and ledipasvir fixed-dose combination with and without ribavirin in treatment-naive and previously treated patients with genotype 1 hepatitis C virus infection (LONESTAR): An open-label, randomised, phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2014;383:515\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62121-2 (PMID:24209977).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"791_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v1.i1.67","volume":"1","author":"P Bar\u00e9","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bar\u00e9 P. Hepatitis C virus and peripheral blood mononuclear cell reservoirs Patricia Bar\u00e9. World J Hepatol. 2009;1(1):67\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4254\/wjh.v1.i1.67 (PMID: 21160967).","journal-title":"World J Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"791_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1590\/s1413-86702007000500006","volume":"11","author":"ND Cavalheiro","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cavalheiro ND, Filgueiras TC, Melo CE, et al. Detection of HCV by PCR in serum and PBMC of patients with hepatitis C after treatment. Braz J Infect Dis. 2007;11(5):471\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/s1413-86702007000500006 (PMID: 17962872).","journal-title":"Braz J Infect Dis"},{"key":"791_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.07.043","volume":"46","author":"Y Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang Y, Rao H, Chi X, et al. Detection of residual HCV-RNA in patients who have achieved sustained virological response is associated with persistent histological abnormality. EBioMedicine. 2019;46:227\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.07.043.","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"791_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S181638","volume":"12","author":"MA Mekky","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mekky MA, Sayed HI, Abdelmalek MO, Saleh MA, Osman OA, Osman HA, Morsy KH, Hetta HF. Prevalence and predictors of occult hepatitis C virus infection among Egyptian patients who achieved sustained virologic response to sofosbuvir\/daclatasvir therapy: a multi-center study. Infect Drug Resist. 2019;12:273\u20139.","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"issue":"4","key":"791_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12668","volume":"24","author":"W El-Akel","year":"2017","unstructured":"El-Akel W, El-Sayed MH, El Kassas M, El-Serafy M, Khairy M, El-saeed K, et al. National treatment programme of hepatitis C in Egypt: hepatitis C viru2017s model of care. J Viral Hepat. 2017;24(4):262\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jvh.12668 (PMID: 28145032).","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"issue":"9930","key":"791_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-556736(14)60121-5","volume":"383","author":"EA Tsochatzis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tsochatzis EA, Bosch J, Burroughs AK. Liver cirrhosis. Lancet Lond Engl. 2014;383(9930):1749\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-556736(14)60121-5 (PMID: 24480518).","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl"},{"issue":"9","key":"791_CR9","first-page":"605","volume":"8","author":"NH Afdhal","year":"2012","unstructured":"Afdhal NH. Fibro scan (Transient Elastography) for the measurement of liver fibrosis. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;8(9):605\u20137 (PMID: 23483859).","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"791_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/52.3.405","volume":"52","author":"KJ Smalley","year":"1990","unstructured":"Smalley KJ, Knerr AN, Kendrick ZV, Colliver JA, Owen OE. Reassessment of body mass indices. Am J Clin Nutr. 1990;52(3):405\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcn\/52.3.405 (PMID: 2393001).","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"791_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2009.139","volume":"64","author":"C Nishida","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nishida C, Ko GT, Kumanyika S. Body fat distribution and noncommunicable diseases in populations: overview of the 2008 WHO expert consultation on waist circumference and waist-hip ratio. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010;64(1):2\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ejcn.2009.139.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"791_CR12","first-page":"532","volume":"15","author":"P Chomczynski","year":"1993","unstructured":"Chomczynski P. A reagent for the single-step simultaneous isolation of RNA, DNA and proteins from cell and tissue samples. Biotechniques. 1993;15(3):532\u20134 (PMID: 7692896).","journal-title":"Biotechniques"},{"key":"791_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.1890460405","volume":"46","author":"HF L\u00f6hr","year":"1995","unstructured":"L\u00f6hr HF, Goergen B, B\u00fcschenfelde KH, Gerken G. HCV replication in mononuclear cells stimulates anti-HCV-secreting B cells and reflects nonresponsiveness to interferon-\u03b1. J Med Virol. 1995;46:314\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.1890460405.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"11","key":"791_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5867","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.11.5867-5874.2004","volume":"78","author":"TN Pham","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pham TN, MacParland SA, Mulrooney PM, Cooksley H, Naoumov NV, Michalak TI, et al. Hepatitis C virus persistence after spontaneous or treatment-induced resolution of hepatitis C. J Virol. 2004;78(11):5867\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.78.11.5867-5874.2004 (PMID: 15140984).","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"3","key":"791_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.12.011","volume":"134","author":"TN Pham","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pham TN, King D, MacParland SA, McGrath JS, Reddy SB, Bursey FR, et al. Hepatitis C virus replicates in the same immune cell subsets in chronic hepatitis C and occult infection. Gastroenterology. 2008;134(3):812\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.12.011 (PMID: 18243182).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"12","key":"791_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8128","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008128","volume":"4","author":"LD Marco","year":"2009","unstructured":"Marco LD, Gillio-Tos A, Fiano V, Ronco G, Krogh V, Palli D, et al. Occult HCV infection: an unexpected finding in a population unselected for hepatic disease. PLoS ONE. 2009;4(12):e8128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0008128 (PMID: 19956542 PMCID: PMC2780719).","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"791_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e429784","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/429784","volume":"2012","author":"SS Youssef","year":"2012","unstructured":"Youssef SS, Nasr AS, El Zanaty T, El Rawi RS, Mattar MM. Prevalence of occult hepatitis C virus in egyptian patients with chronic lymphoproliferative disorders. Hepat Res Treat. 2012;2012:e429784. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2012\/429784.","journal-title":"Hepat Res Treat"},{"issue":"23","key":"791_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2887","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i23.2887","volume":"18","author":"V Carre\u00f1o","year":"2012","unstructured":"Carre\u00f1o V, Bartolom\u00e9 J, Castillo I, Quiroga JA. New perspectives in occult hepatitis C virus infection. World J Gastroenterol. 2012;18(23):2887\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v18.i23.2887 (PMID: 22736911).","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"791_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2011.02613.x","volume":"31","author":"I Castillo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Castillo I, Bartolom\u00e9 J, Quiroga JA, Barril G, Carre\u00f1o V. Long-term virological follow up of patients with occult hepatitis C virus infection. Liver Int. 2011;31:1519\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2011.02613.x.","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"791_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.42.4.570]","volume":"42","author":"GH Haydon","year":"1998","unstructured":"Haydon GH, Jarvis LM, Blair CS, Simmonds P, et al. Clinical significance of intrahepatic hepatitis C virus levels in patients with chronic HCV infection. Gut. 1998;42(4):570\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gut.42.4.570].","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"1","key":"791_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.10250","volume":"69","author":"Y Sugiyasu","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sugiyasu Y, Yuki N, Nagaoka T, Yamashiro M, Kawahara K, Iyoda K, et al. Histological improvement of chronic liver disease after spontaneous serum hepatitis C virus clearance. J Med Virol. 2003;69(1):41\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.10250 (PMID: 12436476).","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"5","key":"791_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22184","volume":"47","author":"F Bernardin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bernardin F, Tobler L, Walsh I, Williams JD, Busch M, Delwart E, et al. Clearance of hepatitis C virus RNA from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of blood donors who spontaneously or therapeutically control their plasma viremia. Hepatology. 2008;47(5):1446\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.22184 (PMID: 18220272).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"791_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1086\/504692","volume":"194","author":"V Carre\u00f1o","year":"2006","unstructured":"Carre\u00f1o V, Pardo M, L\u00f3pez-Alcorocho JM, I\u00f1igo ER, Bartolom\u00e9 J, Castillo I, et al. Detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in the liver of healthy, anti-HCV antibody-positive, serum HCV RNA\u2013negative patients with normal alanine aminotransferase levels. J Infect Dis. 2006;194(1):53\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/504692 (PMID: 16741882).","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"791_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2009.02193.x","volume":"30","author":"TN Pham","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pham TN, Coffin CS, Michalak TI. Occult hepatitis C virus infection: what does it mean? Liver Int. 2010;30(4):502\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2009.02193.x (PMID: 20070513).","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"issue":"supplement 2","key":"791_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S222","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(08)60597-8","volume":"48","author":"B P\u00fdnarbasi","year":"2008","unstructured":"P\u00fdnarbasi B, Bozaci M, Akyu F, Badur S, Demir K, Besisik F. The presence of HCVRNA in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the individuals with isolated anti HCV positivity: is HCV hiding out? J Hepatol. 2008;48(supplement 2):S222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0168-8278(08)60597-8.","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"791_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2703","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-021-05126-","volume":"166","author":"S Nasimzadeh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nasimzadeh S, Azaran A, Jalilian S, Makvandi M, Seyedian SS, Mehr FJ. Prevalence of occult hepatitis C virus infection in beta thalassemia major patients in Ahvaz, Iran. Arch Virol. 2021;166:2703\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00705-021-05126-.","journal-title":"Arch Virol"},{"key":"791_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S181638","volume":"12","author":"MA Mekky","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mekky MA, Sayed HI, Abdelmalek MO, Saleh MA, Osman OA, Osman HA, et al. Prevalence and predictors of occult hepatitis C virus infection among Egyptian patients who achieved sustained virologic response to sofosbuvir\/daclatasvir therapy: a multi-center study. Infect Drug Resist. 2019;12:273\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IDR.S181638 (PMID: 30774394).","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"issue":"3","key":"791_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22694","volume":"49","author":"SL George","year":"2009","unstructured":"George SL, Bacon BR, Brunt EM, Mihindukulasuriya KL, Hoffmann J, Di Bisceglie AM. Clinical, virologic, histologic, and biochemical outcomes after successful HCV therapy: a 5-year follow-up of 150 patients. Hepatology. 2009;49(3):729\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hep.22694 (PMCID: PMC2731713).","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"791_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00345-08","volume":"46","author":"P Halfon","year":"2008","unstructured":"Halfon P, Bourli\u00e8re M, Ouzan D, S\u00e8ne D, Saadoun D, Khiri H, P\u00e9naranda G, et al. Occult hepatitis C virus infection revisited with ultrasensitive real-time PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol. 2008;46(6):2106\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.00345-08 (PMID: 18448695).","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"791_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-10-346","volume":"10","author":"A Pawe\u0142czyk","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pawe\u0142czyk A, Kubisa N, Jab\u0142o\u0144ska J, Bukowska-O\u015bko I, Cortes KC, Fic M, et al. Detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) negative strand RNA and NS3 protein in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC): CD3+, CD14+ and CD19+. Virol J. 2013;10(1):1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1743-422X-10-346 (PMID: 24279719).","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"issue":"1","key":"791_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1086\/380202","volume":"189","author":"I Castillo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Castillo I, Pardo M, Bartolom\u00e9 J, Ortiz-Movilla N, Rodr\u00edguez-I\u00f1igo E, Lucas SD, et al. Occult hepatitis C virus infection in patients in whom the etiology of persistently abnormal results of liver-function tests is unknown. J Infect Dis. 2004;189(1):7\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/380202 (PMID: 14702147).","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"791_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.11.002","volume":"152","author":"S Elmasry","year":"2017","unstructured":"Elmasry S, Wadhwa S, Bang BR, Cook L, Chopra S, Kanel G, et al. Detection of occult hepatitis C virus infection in patients who achieved a sustained virologic response to direct-acting antiviral agents for recurrent infection after liver transplantation. Gastroenterology. 2017;152(3):550\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.11.002 (PMID: 27838287).","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"1","key":"791_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3329\/bmrcb.v39i1.15791","volume":"39","author":"MZ Rahman","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rahman MZ, Ahmed DS, Masud H, Parveen S, Rahman MA, Chowdhury MS, et al. Sustained virological response after treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection-a five year follow up. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull. 2013;39(1):11\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3329\/bmrcb.v39i1.15791 (PMID: 23923405).","journal-title":"Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull"},{"issue":"3","key":"791_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-010-0006-3","volume":"29","author":"A Sood","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sood A, Midha V, Mehta V, Sharma S, Mittal R, Thara A, et al. How sustained is sustained viral response in patients with hepatitis C virus infection? Indian J Gastroenterol. 2010;29(3):112\u20135 (PMID: 20803820).","journal-title":"Indian J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"791_CR35","first-page":"15","volume":"21","author":"JW Ward","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ward JW. The hidden epidemic of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States: occult transmission and burden of disease. Top Antivir Med. 2013;21(1):15\u20139 (PMID: 23596274).","journal-title":"Top Antivir Med"},{"key":"791_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2014.07.007","volume":"18","author":"IS Oliveira","year":"2014","unstructured":"Oliveira IS, Cabral MS, Jesus LS, Paran\u00e1 R, Atta AM, Luiza MB, et al. Serum levels of immunoglobulin free light chains in patients with chronic hepatitis C presenting cryoglobulinemia. Braz J Infect Dis. 2014;18:638\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bjid.2014.07.007.","journal-title":"Braz J Infect Dis"},{"key":"791_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8067","DOI":"10.26355\/eurrev_202008_22490","volume":"24","author":"F Gulli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gulli F, Marino M, Napodano C, Gasbarrini A, et al. Biomarkers in HCV-related mixed cryoglobulinemia patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2020;24:8067\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26355\/eurrev_202008_22490.","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"}],"container-title":["Clinical and Experimental Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10238-022-00791-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10238-022-00791-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10238-022-00791-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,23]],"date-time":"2022-01-23T15:03:39Z","timestamp":1642950219000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10238-022-00791-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,23]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["791"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10238-022-00791-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1591-8890","1591-9528"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1591-8890"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1591-9528"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 July 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 January 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 January 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Research Board of the Minia Faculty of Medicine in Egypt.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines in the 1975 Helsinki declaration. Informed written consents were taken from all the patients before participation in this study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}