{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T13:51:58Z","timestamp":1793022718357,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643068800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Exp Med"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-022-00794-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T14:03:00Z","timestamp":1643119380000},"page":"519-527","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette\u2013Guerin-derived extracellular vesicles as an alternative to live BCG immunotherapy"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Patrick","family":"Gellings","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Galeas-Pena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4799-4941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa A.","family":"Morici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"794_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-019-02984-4","volume":"38","author":"A Richters","year":"2020","unstructured":"Richters A, Aben KKH, Kiemeney LALM. The global burden of urinary bladder cancer: an update. World J Urol. 2020;38:1895\u2013904. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00345-019-02984-4.","journal-title":"World J Urol"},{"key":"794_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Miller KD, Siegel RL, Lin CC, et al. Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2016. CA Cancer J Clin. 2016;66:271\u2013289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3322\/caac.21349.","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21349"},{"key":"794_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-018-0055-4","volume":"15","author":"C Pettenati","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pettenati C, Ingersoll MA. Mechanisms of BCG immunotherapy and its outlook for bladder cancer. Nat Rev Urol. 2018;15:615\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41585-018-0055-4.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"key":"794_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-1591.166445","volume":"31","author":"S Isharwal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Isharwal S, Konety B. Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer risk stratification. Indian J Urol. 2015;31:289\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0970-1591.166445.","journal-title":"Indian J Urol"},{"key":"794_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.00175","volume":"10","author":"NE Annels","year":"2020","unstructured":"Annels NE, Simpson GR, Pandha H. Modifying the non-muscle invasive bladder cancer immune microenvironment for optimal therapeutic response. Front Oncol. 2020;10:175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2020.00175.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"794_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-020-0346-4","volume":"17","author":"JH van Puffelen","year":"2020","unstructured":"van Puffelen JH, Keating ST, Oosterwijk E, et al. Trained immunity as a molecular mechanism for BCG immunotherapy in bladder cancer. Nat Rev Urol. 2020;17:513\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41585-020-0346-4.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"key":"794_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/37330","volume":"23","author":"W Janaszek-Seydlitz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Janaszek-Seydlitz W, Prygiel M, Bucholc B, et al. Effect of different bacillus Calmette-Guerin substrains on growth inhibition of T24 bladder cancer cells and cytokines secretion by BCG activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells of PBMCs. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2014;23:877\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17219\/acem\/37330.","journal-title":"Adv Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"794_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2867-10-21","volume":"10","author":"K Schwarzer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schwarzer K, Foerster M, Steiner T, et al. BCG strain S4-jena: an early BCG strain is capable to reduce the proliferation of bladder cancer cells by induction of apoptosis. Cancer Cell Int. 2010;10:21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1475-2867-10-21.","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int"},{"key":"794_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2490-5-8","volume":"5","author":"F Chen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chen F, Zhang G, Iwamoto Y, See WA. BCG directly induces cell cycle arrest in human transitional carcinoma cell lines as a consequence of integrin cross-linking. BMC Urol. 2005;5:8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2490-5-8.","journal-title":"BMC Urol"},{"key":"794_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kjms.2015.05.005","volume":"31","author":"D-S Yu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yu D-S, Wu C-L, Ping S-Y, Keng C, Shen K-H. Bacille Calmette-Guerin can induce cellular apoptosis of urothelial cancer directly through toll-like receptor 7 activation. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2015;31:391\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kjms.2015.05.005.","journal-title":"Kaohsiung J Med Sci"},{"key":"794_CR11","first-page":"145","volume":"21","author":"V Golla","year":"2019","unstructured":"Golla V, Lenis AT, Faiena I, Chamie K. Intravesical therapy for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer-current and future options in the age of bacillus Calmette-Guerin shortage. Rev Urol. 2019;21:145\u201353.","journal-title":"Rev Urol"},{"key":"794_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2147\/ITT.S202006","volume":"9","author":"S Guallar-Garrido","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guallar-Garrido S, Juli\u00e1n E. Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) therapy for bladder cancer: an update. Immunotargets Ther. 2020;9:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/ITT.S202006.","journal-title":"Immunotargets Ther"},{"key":"794_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/003130299105566","volume":"31","author":"L Tan","year":"1999","unstructured":"Tan L, Testa G, Yung T. Diffuse alveolar damage in BCGosis: a rare complication of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin therapy for transitional cell carcinoma. Pathology. 1999;31:55\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/003130299105566.","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"issue":"444","key":"794_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2008.02.037","volume":"73","author":"GN Mody","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mody GN, Tran V, Landman J. BCGosis: case report of intravesicular bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin causing upper tract granulomas simulating a renal mass without evidence of ipsilateral vesicoureteral reflux. Urology. 2009;73(444):e9-10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.urology.2008.02.037.","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"794_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.2019180014","volume":"39","author":"DB Green","year":"2019","unstructured":"Green DB, Kawashima A, Menias CO, et al. Complications of intravesical BCG immunotherapy for bladder cancer. Radiographics. 2019;39:80\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/rg.2019180014.","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"794_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2012-007327","author":"AR Mehta","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mehta AR, Mehta PR, Mehta RL. A cough conundrum in a patient with a previous history of BCG immunotherapy for bladder cancer. BMJ Case Rep. 2012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2012-007327.","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"794_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/821526","volume":"2013","author":"S Lukacs","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lukacs S, Tschobotko B, Szabo NA, Symes A. Systemic BCG-osis as a rare side effect of intravesical BCG treatment for superficial bladder cancer. Case Rep Urol. 2013;2013:1\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/821526.","journal-title":"Case Rep Urol"},{"key":"794_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1177\/1066896914567332","volume":"23","author":"BT Larsen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Larsen BT, Smith ML, Grys TE, Vikram HR, Colby TV. Histopathology of disseminated mycobacterium bovis infection complicating intravesical BCG immunotherapy for urothelial carcinoma. Int J Surg Pathol. 2015;23:189\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1066896914567332.","journal-title":"Int J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"794_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2016-215635","author":"DM Smith","year":"2016","unstructured":"Smith DM. BCG-osis following intravesical BCG treatment leading to miliary pulmonary nodules, penile granulomas and a mycotic aortic aneurysm. BMJ Case Rep. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2016-215635.","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"794_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejfs.2015.07.007","volume":"6","author":"MS Madentzoglou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Madentzoglou MS, Nathena D, Sinatkas V, Michalodimitrakis M, Kranioti EF. Lethal BCG-osis, in the context of superficial urothelial bladder carcinoma, diagnosed in autopsy. Egypt J Forensic Sci. 2016;6:284\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejfs.2015.07.007.","journal-title":"Egypt J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"794_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.1129","volume":"5","author":"F Liaw","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liaw F, Tan YY, Hendry D. Systemic BCG-osis following intravesical BCG instillation for bladder carcinoma. Clin Case Rep. 2017;5:1569\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ccr3.1129.","journal-title":"Clin Case Rep"},{"key":"794_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s42155-018-0036-y","volume":"1","author":"A Wadhwani","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wadhwani A, Moore RD, Bakshi D, Mirakhur A. Mycotic aortic aneurysms post-intravesical BCG treatment for early-stage bladder carcinoma. CVIR Endovasc. 2018;1:28. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s42155-018-0036-y.","journal-title":"CVIR Endovasc"},{"key":"794_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2019-231595","author":"L Ribeiro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ribeiro L, Rajendran S, Stenson K, Loftus I. Rare case of a proximal descending thoracic aorta mycotic aneurysm following intravesical BCG injections for the treatment of bladder cancer. BMJ Case Rep. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bcr-2019-231595.","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"794_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.4997\/JRCPE.2020.215","volume":"50","author":"J Headlam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Headlam J, Wheeler A, Yuen K, Brierley E, Todd OM. Disseminated bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG): a cause of delirium in an older adult. J R Coll Phys Edinb. 2020;50:152\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4997\/JRCPE.2020.215.","journal-title":"J R Coll Phys Edinb"},{"key":"794_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2020.101433","volume":"50","author":"F Micoli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Micoli F, MacLennan CA. Outer membrane vesicle vaccines. Semin Immunol. 2020;50:101433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smim.2020.101433.","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"key":"794_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.PSIB-0001-2018","author":"JD Cecil","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cecil JD, Sirisaengtaksin N, O\u2019Brien-Simpson NM, Krachler AM. Outer membrane vesicle-host cell interactions. Microbiol Spectr. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/microbiolspec.PSIB-0001-2018.","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"794_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines5040049","volume":"5","author":"S Baker","year":"2017","unstructured":"Baker S, Davitt C, Motyka N, et al. Burkholderia pseudomallei outer membrane vesicle vaccine provides cross protection against inhalational glanders in mice and non-human primates. Vaccines. 2017;5:49. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines5040049.","journal-title":"Vaccines"},{"key":"794_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00119-14","volume":"21","author":"W Nieves","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nieves W, Petersen H, Judy BM, et al. A burkholderia pseudomallei outer membrane vesicle vaccine provides protection against lethal sepsis. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2014;21:747\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CVI.00119-14.","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"794_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.08.058","volume":"29","author":"W Nieves","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nieves W, Asakrah S, Qazi O, et al. A naturally derived outer-membrane vesicle vaccine protects against lethal pulmonary burkholderia pseudomallei infection. Vaccine. 2011;29:8381\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.08.058.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"794_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.provac.2014.07.007","volume":"8","author":"H Petersen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Petersen H, Nieves W, Russell-Lodrigue K, Roy CJ, Morici LA. Evaluation of a burkholderia pseudomallei outer membrane vesicle vaccine in nonhuman primates. Procedia Vaccinol. 2014;8:38\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.provac.2014.07.007.","journal-title":"Procedia Vaccinol"},{"key":"794_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.201400395","volume":"10","author":"L van der Pol","year":"2015","unstructured":"van der Pol L, Stork M, van der Ley P. Outer membrane vesicles as platform vaccine technology. Biotechnol J. 2015;10:1689\u2013706. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/biot.201400395.","journal-title":"Biotechnol J"},{"key":"794_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00783","volume":"9","author":"K Tan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tan K, Li R, Huang X, Liu Q. Outer membrane vesicles: current status and future direction of these novel vaccine adjuvants. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:783. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00783.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"794_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-19-1920","volume":"26","author":"M Kates","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kates M, Matoso A, Choi W, et al. Adaptive immune resistance to intravesical BCG in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: implications for prospective BCG-unresponsive trials. Clin Cancer Res. 2020;26:882\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-19-1920.","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"794_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18102186","volume":"18","author":"M Miyake","year":"2017","unstructured":"Miyake M, Tatsumi Y, Gotoh D, et al. Regulatory T cells and tumor-associated macrophages in the tumor microenvironment in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer treated with intravesical bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin: a long-term follow-up study of a Japanese cohort. IJMS. 2017;18:2186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms18102186.","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"794_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-9966-32-87","volume":"32","author":"F Suriano","year":"2013","unstructured":"Suriano F, Santini D, Perrone G, et al. Tumor associated macrophages polarization dictates the efficacy of BCG instillation in non-muscle invasive urothelial bladder cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2013;32:87. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1756-9966-32-87.","journal-title":"J Exp Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"794_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655000","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.655000","volume":"11","author":"M Adamkiewicz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Adamkiewicz M, Bryniarski P, Kowalik M, Burzy\u0144ski B, Rajwa P, Paradysz A. Lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio is the independent prognostic marker of progression in patients undergoing bcg-immunotherapy for bladder cancer. Front Oncol. 2021;11:655000. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2021.655000.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"794_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2019.02.005","volume":"201","author":"K Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu K, Sun E, Lei M, et al. BCG-induced formation of neutrophil extracellular traps play an important role in bladder cancer treatment. Clin Immunol. 2019;201:4\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clim.2019.02.005.","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"key":"794_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0019-2805.2003.01794.x","volume":"111","author":"H Kamohara","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kamohara H, Matsuyama W, Shimozato O, et al. Regulation of tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and TRAIL receptor expression in human neutrophils. Immunology. 2004;111:186\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.0019-2805.2003.01794.x.","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"794_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-5347(17)35678-1","volume":"150","author":"TL Ratliff","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ratliff TL, Ritchey JK, Yuan JJ, Andriole GL, Catalona WJ. T-cell subsets required for intravesical BCG immunotherapy for bladder cancer. J Urol. 1993;150:1018\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0022-5347(17)35678-1.","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"794_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen R. Culture and detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and mycobacterium bovis (BCG). BIO-PROTOCOL. (2012); https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21769\/BioProtoc.49.","DOI":"10.21769\/BioProtoc.49"},{"key":"794_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gupta S, Marcela Rodriguez G. Isolation and characterization of extracellular vesicles produced by iron-limited mycobacteria. JoVE. 2109; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3791\/60359.","DOI":"10.3791\/60359"},{"key":"794_CR42","first-page":"181","volume":"9","author":"RF Bevers","year":"1998","unstructured":"Bevers RF, de Boer EC, Kurth KH, Schamhart DH. BCG-induced interleukin-6 upregulation and BCG internalization in well and poorly differentiated human bladder cancer cell lines. Eur Cytokine Netw. 1998;9:181\u20136.","journal-title":"Eur Cytokine Netw"},{"key":"794_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00296835","volume":"21","author":"TM de Reijke","year":"1993","unstructured":"de Reijke TM, Vos PCN, de Boer EC, et al. Cytokine production by the human bladder carcinoma cell line T24 in the presence of bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). Urol Res. 1993;21:349\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00296835.","journal-title":"Urol Res"},{"key":"794_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3279","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers3033279","volume":"3","author":"M Arruebo","year":"2011","unstructured":"Arruebo M, Vilaboa N, S\u00e1ez-Gutierrez B, et al. Assessment of the evolution of cancer treatment therapies. Cancers. 2011;3:3279\u2013330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers3033279.","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"794_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2965","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02965","volume":"10","author":"P Dobosz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dobosz P, Dzieci\u0105tkowski T. The intriguing history of cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol. 2019;10:2965. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02965.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"794_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E233","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12030233","volume":"12","author":"C Roma-Rodrigues","year":"2020","unstructured":"Roma-Rodrigues C, Rivas-Garc\u00eda L, Baptista PV, Fernandes AR. Gene therapy in cancer treatment: why go nano? Pharmaceutics. 2020;12:E233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics12030233.","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"794_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E563","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9030563","volume":"9","author":"D-T Chu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chu D-T, Nguyen TT, Tien NLB, et al. Recent progress of stem cell therapy in cancer treatment: molecular mechanisms and potential applications. Cells. 2020;9:E563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells9030563.","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"794_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.3233\/BLC-179018","volume":"3","author":"EM Messing","year":"2017","unstructured":"Messing EM. The BCG shortage. Bladder Cancer. 2017;3:227\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/BLC-179018.","journal-title":"Bladder Cancer"},{"key":"794_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.11.083","volume":"35","author":"Y Tian","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tian Y, Li S, Song J, et al. A doxorubicin delivery platform using engineered natural membrane vesicle exosomes for targeted tumor therapy. Biomaterials. 2014;35:2383\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.11.083.","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"794_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2015.09.031","volume":"220","author":"H Saari","year":"2015","unstructured":"Saari H, L\u00e1zaro-Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez E, Viitala T, Vuorimaa-Laukkanen E, Siljander P, Yliperttula M. Microvesicle- and exosome-mediated drug delivery enhances the cytotoxicity of paclitaxel in autologous prostate cancer cells. J Control Release. 2015;220:727\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jconrel.2015.09.031.","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"794_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2017.03.001","volume":"13","author":"AK Agrawal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Agrawal AK, Aqil F, Jeyabalan J, et al. Milk-derived exosomes for oral delivery of paclitaxel. Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med. 2017;13:1627\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nano.2017.03.001.","journal-title":"Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med"},{"key":"794_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2020.08.018","volume":"327","author":"L Cabeza","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cabeza L, Perazzoli G, Pe\u00f1a M, et al. Cancer therapy based on extracellular vesicles as drug delivery vehicles. J Control Release. 2020;327:296\u2013315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jconrel.2020.08.018.","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"794_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbacli.2015.06.002","volume":"4","author":"A Kiselyov","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kiselyov A, Bunimovich-Mendrazitsky S, Startsev V. Treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer with bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG): biological markers and simulation studies. BBA Clin. 2015;4:27\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbacli.2015.06.002.","journal-title":"BBA Clin"},{"key":"794_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1002\/(sici)1097-0215(19970529)71:5<851::aid-ijc25>3.0.co,2-9","volume":"71","author":"Y Zhang","year":"1997","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Khoo HE, Esuvaranathan K. Effects of bacillus Calmette-Guerin and interferon-alpha-2B on human bladder cancer in vitro. Int J Cancer. 1997;71:851\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(sici)1097-0215(19970529)71:5%3c851::aid-ijc25%3e3.0.co,2-9.","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"794_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/s0006-2952(01)00831-0","volume":"63","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2002","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Mahendran R, Yap LL, Esuvaranathan K, Khoo HE. The signalling pathway for BCG-induced interleukin-6 production in human bladder cancer cells. Biochem Pharmacol. 2002;63:273\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0006-2952(01)00831-0.","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"794_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.2147\/RRU.S166497","volume":"10","author":"Y Morizawa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Morizawa Y, Miyake M, Shimada K, et al. Colony-stimulating factors detected in tumor cells and voided urine are potential prognostic markers for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer undergoing radical cystectomy. Res Rep Urol. 2018;10:103\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/RRU.S166497.","journal-title":"Res Rep Urol"},{"key":"794_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8628","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1207232","volume":"22","author":"S Wang","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wang S, El-Deiry WS. TRAIL and apoptosis induction by TNF-family death receptors. Oncogene. 2003;22:8628\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.onc.1207232.","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"794_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.4161\/onci.20928","volume":"1","author":"GG Jinesh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jinesh GG, Kamat AM. Redirecting neutrophils against bladder cancer cells by BCG and Smac mimetic combination. Oncoimmunology. 2012;1:1161\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4161\/onci.20928.","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"}],"container-title":["Clinical and Experimental Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10238-022-00794-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10238-022-00794-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10238-022-00794-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,27]],"date-time":"2023-05-27T15:31:12Z","timestamp":1685201472000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10238-022-00794-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["794"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10238-022-00794-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1591-9528"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1591-9528","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 December 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 January 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 January 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Raw data generated for this study will be made available upon reasonable request.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Data availability"}}]}}