{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T18:26:47Z","timestamp":1750703207935,"version":"3.30.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,28]],"date-time":"2024-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706400000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,28]],"date-time":"2024-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Exp Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Ascites is the most common complication of liver cirrhosis. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) is a common complication of ascites. The diagnosis is made by an ascitic fluid polymorphonuclear (PMN) cell count of\u2009\u2265\u2009250\/mm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>. However, no other diagnostic test is present for the diagnosis of SBP. The aim of the study present study is to assess the diagnostic yield of ascitic calprotectin in SBP, and to explore whether it can predict disease stage. We performed a single center proof-of-concept prospective study including all patients with cirrhosis and ascites who underwent paracentesis. Overall, 31 patients were included in the study. Eight patients had SBP vs. 23 patients without SBP. Ascitic calprotectin level was 77.4\u2009\u00b1\u200986.5\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL in the SBP group, as compared to 16.1\u2009\u00b1\u20095.6\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL in the non-SBP group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001). An ascitic calprotectin cut-off value of\u2009&gt;\u200921\u00a0\u03bcg\/mL was associated with sensitivity and specificity of 85.7% and 89.5%, respectively, with ROC of 0.947 (95% CI 0.783 to 0.997, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Notably, ascitic calprotectin did not had a prognostic value in cirrhosis stage and prognosis. Ascitic calprotectin was highly accurate in the diagnosis of SBP. It can be a serve as adjunct for indefinite cases of SBP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-023-01257-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,28]],"date-time":"2024-01-28T10:02:07Z","timestamp":1706436127000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Ascites fluid calprotectin level is highly accurate in diagnosing spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a preliminary proof of concept prospective study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Wisam","family":"Sbeit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Basheer","family":"Maamoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Subhi","family":"Azzam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Shahin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Carmiel-Haggai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tawfik","family":"Khoury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1257_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840070124","volume":"7","author":"P Gines","year":"1987","unstructured":"Gines P, et al. Compensated cirrhosis: natural history and prognostic factors. Hepatology. 1987;7(1):122\u20138.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"1257_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26359","volume":"57","author":"BA Runyon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Runyon BA, Aasld,. Introduction to the revised American association for the study of liver diseases practice guideline management of adult patients with ascites due to cirrhosis 2012. Hepatology. 2013;57(4):1651\u20133.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"1257_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1086\/514940","volume":"27","author":"J Such","year":"1998","unstructured":"Such J, Runyon BA. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Clin Infect Dis. 1998;27(4):669\u201374.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"1257_CR4","first-page":"53","volume":"13","author":"I Bjarnason","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bjarnason I. The use of fecal calprotectin in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2017;13(1):53\u20136.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y)"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"1257_CR5","first-page":"273","volume":"16","author":"MK Fagerhol","year":"1980","unstructured":"Fagerhol MK, Dale I, Andersson T. A radioimmunoassay for a granulocyte protein as a marker in studies on the turnover of such cells. Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir. 1980;16(Suppl):273\u201382.","journal-title":"Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir"},{"issue":"7","key":"1257_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1746.2003.03014.x","volume":"18","author":"A Poullis","year":"2003","unstructured":"Poullis A, et al. Emerging role of calprotectin in gastroenterology. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003;18(7):756\u201362.","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1257_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1080\/00365529950172835","volume":"34","author":"AG Roseth","year":"1999","unstructured":"Roseth AG, Schmidt PN, Fagerhol MK. Correlation between faecal excretion of indium-111-labelled granulocytes and calprotectin, a granulocyte marker protein, in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1999;34(1):50\u20134.","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1257_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1358\/dot.2001.37.2.614846","volume":"37","author":"JA Tibble","year":"2001","unstructured":"Tibble JA, Bjarnason I. Fecal calprotectin as an index of intestinal inflammation. 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Scand J Gastroenterol. 2020;55(9):1093\u20138.","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1257_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7754\/Clin.Lab.2019.190934","author":"MH Bender","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bender MH, et al. Calprotectin as diagnostic marker for hepatic encephalopathy and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis. Clin Lab. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7754\/Clin.Lab.2019.190934.","journal-title":"Clin Lab"},{"issue":"3","key":"1257_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000001813","volume":"33","author":"A Hadjivasilis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hadjivasilis A, et al. The diagnostic accuracy of ascitic calprotectin for the early diagnosis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: systematic review and meta-analysis. 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The application number is NHR-0114\u201321. The analysis of the data from our electronic medical record database was performed under the oversight of the ICH guidelines for good clinical practice. Informed consent was obtained from each individual after being selected for the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Written informed consent for publication of the study was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. All authors approved the final manuscript.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}],"article-number":"25"}}