{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T15:29:30Z","timestamp":1786980570971,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722902400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007753","name":"University of Eastern Finland","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007753","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Exp Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>CAR T-cell therapy is a promising immunotherapy, providing successful results for cancer patients who are unresponsive to standard and traditional therapeutic approaches. However, there are limiting factors which create a hurdle in the therapy performing its role optimally. CAR T cells get exhausted, produce active antitumor responses, and might even produce toxic reactions. Specifically, in the case of solid tumors, chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells fail to produce the desired outcomes. Then, the need to use supplementary agents such as immune system modifying immunomodulatory agents comes into play. A series of the literature was studied to evaluate the role of immunomodulators including a phytochemical, Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved targeted drugs, and ILs in support of their achievements in boosting the efficiency of CAR-T cell therapy. Some of the most promising out of them are reported in this article. It is expected that by using the right combinations of immunotherapy, immunomodulators, and traditional cancer treatments, the best possible cancer defying results may be produced in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-024-01442-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]],"date-time":"2024-08-06T09:08:23Z","timestamp":1722935303000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Enhancing CAR T cells function: role of immunomodulators in cancer immunotherapy"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Maheen","family":"Rehman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariba","family":"Qaiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan Sardar","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sobia","family":"Manzoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javed","family":"Ashraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"1442_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadelain M, Brentjens R, R-C I, discovery, and undefined \u201cThe basic principles of chimeric antigen receptor design,\u201d 2013; AACR, Accessed: Apr. 04, 2024. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/aacrjournals.org\/cancerdiscovery\/article-abstract\/3\/4\/388\/3902","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-12-0548"},{"issue":"1","key":"1442_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-017-0102-y","volume":"5","author":"C Zhang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zhang C, Liu J, Zhong JF, Zhang X. Engineering CAR-T cells. Biomark Res. 2017;5(1):22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40364-017-0102-y.","journal-title":"Biomark Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1442_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21771","volume":"73","author":"RH Parikh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Parikh RH, Lonial S. Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy in multiple myeloma: a comprehensive review of current data and implications for clinical practice. CA Cancer J Clin. 2023;73(3):275\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3322\/caac.21771.","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"issue":"2","key":"1442_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.2174\/156652310791111001","volume":"10","author":"JS Bridgeman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bridgeman JS, Hawkins RE, Hombach AA, Abken H, Gilham DE. Building better chimeric antigen receptors for adoptive T cell therapy. Curr Gene Ther. 2010;10(2):77\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/156652310791111001.","journal-title":"Curr Gene Ther"},{"key":"1442_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1016208","author":"D Espie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Espie D, Donnadieu E. New insights into CAR T cell-mediated killing of tumor cells. Front Immunol. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1016208.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1442_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3390\/BIOMEDICINES9010059","volume":"9","author":"E Zmievskaya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zmievskaya E, Valiullina A, Ganeeva I, Petukhov A, Rizvanov A, Bulatov E. Application of CAR-T Cell therapy beyond oncology: autoimmune diseases and viral infections. Biomedicines. 2021;9(1):59. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/BIOMEDICINES9010059.","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"1442_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/SCITRANSLMED.3008226","author":"ML Davila","year":"2014","unstructured":"Davila ML, et al. Efficacy and toxicity management of 19\u201328z CAR T cell therapy in B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Sci Transl Med. 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/SCITRANSLMED.3008226.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"1442_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.2147\/TCRM.S146309","volume":"14","author":"MH Forsberg","year":"2018","unstructured":"Forsberg MH, Das A, Saha K, Capitini CM. The potential of CAR T therapy for relapsed or refractory pediatric and young adult B-cell ALL. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2018;14:1573\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/TCRM.S146309.","journal-title":"Ther Clin Risk Manag"},{"key":"1442_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16011","DOI":"10.1038\/MTO.2016.11","volume":"3","author":"CL Bonifant","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bonifant CL, Jackson HJ, Brentjens RJ, Curran KJ. Toxicity and management in CAR T-cell therapy. Mol Ther Oncolytics. 2016;3:16011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/MTO.2016.11.","journal-title":"Mol Ther Oncolytics"},{"issue":"5","key":"1442_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMOA1709866","volume":"378","author":"SL Maude","year":"2018","unstructured":"Maude SL, et al. Tisagenlecleucel in children and young adults with B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(5):439\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMOA1709866.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1442_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/OFID\/OFAA121","author":"SB Vora","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vora SB, Waghmare A, Englund JA, Qu P, Gardner RA, Hill JA. Infectious complications following CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for children, adolescents, and young adults. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/OFID\/OFAA121.","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"18","key":"1442_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4817","DOI":"10.1182\/BLOOD-2011-04-348540","volume":"118","author":"RJ Brentjens","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brentjens RJ, et al. Safety and persistence of adoptively transferred autologous CD19-targeted T cells in patients with relapsed or chemotherapy refractory B-cell leukemias. Blood. 2011;118(18):4817\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/BLOOD-2011-04-348540.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"1","key":"1442_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1053\/J.AJKD.2019.10.011","volume":"76","author":"S Gupta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gupta S, et al. Acute kidney injury and electrolyte abnormalities after chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Am J Kidney Dis. 2020;76(1):63\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/J.AJKD.2019.10.011.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"1442_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/S41392-019-0070-9","author":"D Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li D, et al. Genetically engineered T cells for cancer immunotherapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/S41392-019-0070-9.","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"1442_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/S41408-021-00459-7","author":"RC Sterner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sterner RC, Sterner RM. CAR-T cell therapy: current limitations and potential strategies. Blood Cancer J. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/S41408-021-00459-7.","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"},{"key":"1442_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FONC.2020.01334\/FULL","author":"S Fiorentino","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fiorentino S, Urue\u00f1a C, Lasso P, Prieto K, Barreto A. Phyto-Immunotherapy, a complementary therapeutic option to decrease metastasis and attack breast cancer stem cells. Front Oncol. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FONC.2020.01334\/FULL.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1442_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1007\/s11655-012-1201-0","volume":"18","author":"G B-C","year":"2012","unstructured":"B-C G. Integrative oncology meets immunotherapy: new prospects for combination therapy grounded in Eastern medical knowledge. Chinese j int med. 2012;18(9):652\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11655-012-1201-0.","journal-title":"Chinese j int med"},{"key":"1442_CR18","unstructured":"Zhang N, X.-J X, of I. Medicine, and undefined 2021, \u201cIntegrative medicine in the era of cancer immunotherapy: Challenges and opportunities,\u201d Elsevier, Accessed: Jan. 27, 2024. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2095496421000339"},{"issue":"10","key":"1442_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1007\/S00432-018-02830-X","volume":"145","author":"K Lucius","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lucius K, Hill J. Combining immunotherapy and natural immune stimulants: mechanisms and clinical implications. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2019;145(10):2633\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00432-018-02830-X.","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Clin Oncol"},{"key":"1442_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-11458-8_8","author":"H El Enshasy","year":"2011","unstructured":"El Enshasy H. Immunomodulators. Ind Appl. 2011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-642-11458-8_8.","journal-title":"Ind Appl"},{"issue":"3","key":"1442_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-018-0142-8","volume":"16","author":"JS O\u2019Donnell","year":"2019","unstructured":"O\u2019Donnell JS, Teng MWL, Smyth MJ. Cancer immunoediting and resistance to T cell-based immunotherapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2019;16(3):151\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41571-018-0142-8.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"1442_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2023.11.002","volume":"33","author":"C Zhu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhu C, et al. Rationally designed approaches to augment CAR-T therapy for solid tumor treatment. Bioact Mater. 2024;33:377\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2023.11.002.","journal-title":"Bioact Mater"},{"issue":"1","key":"1442_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/S13045-017-0405-3","volume":"10","author":"J Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu J, Zhong JF, Zhang X, Zhang C. Allogeneic CD19-CAR-T cell infusion after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in B cell malignancies. J Hematol Oncol. 2017;10(1):1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S13045-017-0405-3.","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1442_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.2011.573476","volume":"11","author":"CA Ramos","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ramos CA, Dotti G. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered lymphocytes for cancer therapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2011;11(7):855\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1517\/14712598.2011.573476.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Biol Ther"},{"key":"1442_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S13045-017-0437-8","author":"L Qin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Qin L, et al. Incorporation of a hinge domain improves the expansion of chimeric antigen receptor T cells. J Hematol Oncol. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S13045-017-0437-8.","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1442_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.3390\/CANCERS13040840","volume":"13","author":"G Schepisi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Schepisi G, et al. Immunotherapy and its development for gynecological (ovarian, endometrial and cervical) tumors: from immune checkpoint inhibitors to chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy. Cancers. 2021;13(4):840. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/CANCERS13040840.","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"issue":"5","key":"1442_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1177\/2040620715588916","volume":"6","author":"SK Tasian","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tasian SK, Gardner RA. CD19-redirected chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells: a promising immunotherapy for children and adults with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Ther Adv Hematol. 2015;6(5):228\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2040620715588916.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Hematol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1442_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6938","DOI":"10.4049\/JIMMUNOL.0901766","volume":"184","author":"JS Bridgeman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bridgeman JS, Hawkins RE, Bagley S, Blaylock M, Holland M, Gilham DE. The optimal antigen response of chimeric antigen receptors harboring the CD3zeta transmembrane domain is dependent upon incorporation of the receptor into the endogenous TCR\/CD3 complex. J Immunol. 2010;184(12):6938\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/JIMMUNOL.0901766.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"1442_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S185556","volume":"12","author":"Y Haiyuan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Haiyuan Y, Pan J, Guo Z, Yang C, Mao L. CART cell therapy for prostate cancer: Status and promise. Onco Targets Ther. 2019;12:391\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/OTT.S185556.","journal-title":"Onco Targets Ther"},{"key":"1442_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S40425-017-0222-9","author":"KM Hege","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hege KM, et al. Safety, tumor trafficking and immunogenicity of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells specific for TAG-72 in colorectal cancer. J Immunother Cancer. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S40425-017-0222-9.","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"1442_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.1182\/BLOOD-2007-12-128843","volume":"112","author":"BG Till","year":"2008","unstructured":"Till BG, et al. Adoptive immunotherapy for indolent non-hodgkin lymphoma and mantle cell lymphoma using genetically modified autologous CD20-specific T cells. Blood. 2008;112(6):2261\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/BLOOD-2007-12-128843.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"9","key":"1442_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3360","DOI":"10.1073\/PNAS.0813101106","volume":"106","author":"C Carpenito","year":"2009","unstructured":"Carpenito C, et al. Control of large, established tumor xenografts with genetically retargeted human T cells containing CD28 and CD137 domains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009;106(9):3360\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/PNAS.0813101106.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"17","key":"1442_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5697","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-11-0103","volume":"71","author":"M Chmielewski","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chmielewski M, Kopecky C, Hombach AA, Abken H. IL-12 release by engineered T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors can effectively muster an antigen-independent macrophage response on tumor cells that have shut down tumor antigen expression. Cancer Res. 2011;71(17):5697\u2013706. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-11-0103.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"1442_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kim: Recent advances in allogeneic CAR-T cells - Google Scholar. Accessed: Jul. 08, 2024. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Recent+Advances+in+Allogeneic+CAR-T+Cells&author=Kim,+D.W.&author=Cho,+J.-Y.&publication_year=2020&journal=Biomolecules&volume=10&pages=263&doi=https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom10020263&pmid=32050611","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10020263&pmid=32050611"},{"key":"1442_CR35","unstructured":"Levine B, Miskin J, Wonnacott K, K-M C, therapy M., and undefined 2017, \u201cGlobal manufacturing of CAR T cell therapy,\u201d cell.com, Accessed: Jul. 08, 2024. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.cell.com\/molecular-therapy-family\/methods\/fulltext\/S2329-0501(16)30202-9?sf77801175=1"},{"key":"1442_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abou-el-Enein M, Elsallab M, F-B S, cancer, and undefined 2021, \u201cScalable manufacturing of CAR T cells for cancer immunotherapy,\u201d AACR, Accessed: Jul. 08, 2024. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/aacrjournals.org\/bloodcancerdiscov\/article-abstract\/2\/5\/408\/665841","DOI":"10.1158\/2643-3230.BCD-21-0084"},{"key":"1442_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siriwon N, Kim Y, Siegler E, Chen X, R-C J, immunology, and undefined 2018, \u201cCAR-T cells surface-engineered with drug-encapsulated nanoparticles can ameliorate intratumoral T-cell hypofunction,\u201d AACR, Accessed: Jul. 08, 2024. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/aacrjournals.org\/cancerimmunolres\/article-abstract\/6\/7\/812\/468919","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-17-0502"},{"key":"1442_CR38","unstructured":"Braendstrup P, Levine B, R M, Cytotherapy, and undefined 2020, \u201cThe long road to the first FDA-approved gene therapy: chimeric antigen receptor T cells targeting CD19,\u201d Elsevier, Accessed: Jul. 08, 2024. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1465324919309181?casa_token=_HzEZATOxEYAAAAA:Y58Qy_eV-1sHobHsB_OlN4LYyyxVdTYYkelqQBpna3X32-LX7uhzS-8m77LhfaX6L8Wv5bbdNA"},{"key":"1442_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FBIOE.2022.797440\/FULL","author":"A Alnefaie","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alnefaie A, et al. Chimeric antigen receptor T-Cells: an overview of concepts, applications, limitations, and proposed solutions. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FBIOE.2022.797440\/FULL.","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"key":"1442_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun S, Hao H, Yang G, Zhang Y, F Y, -J. of immunology, and undefined 2018, \u201cImmunotherapy with CAR-modified T cells: toxicities and overcoming strategies,\u201d hindawi.comS Sun, H Hao, G Yang, Y Zhang, Y FuJournal of immunology research, 2018\u2022hindawi.com, Accessed: May 29, 2024. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/jir\/2018\/2386187\/abs\/","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/2386187"},{"key":"1442_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2006.05.9964","author":"CHJ Lamers","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lamers CHJ, et al. Treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma with autologous T-lymphocytes genetically retargeted against carbonic anhydrase IX: first clinical experience. J Clin Oncol. 2006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.2006.05.9964.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1442_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-021-00459-7","volume":"11","author":"RC Sterner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sterner RC, Sterner RM. CAR-T cell therapy: current limitations and potential strategies. Blood Cancer J. 2021;11(4):69. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41408-021-00459-7.","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"},{"key":"1442_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1146\/ANNUREV-PATHOL-020117-043625","volume":"13","author":"H Al-Samkari","year":"2018","unstructured":"Al-Samkari H, Berliner N. Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis. Annu Rev Pathol. 2018;13:27\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/ANNUREV-PATHOL-020117-043625.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1442_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11050674","volume":"11","author":"L Whilding","year":"2019","unstructured":"Whilding L, et al. CAR T-Cells Targeting the Integrin \u03b1v\u03b26 and Co-Expressing the Chemokine Receptor CXCR2 Demonstrate Enhanced Homing and Efficacy against Several Solid Malignancies. Cancers. 2019;11(5):674. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers11050674.","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"1442_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omto.2018.08.002","author":"AC Boesteanu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Boesteanu AC, et al. Checkpoint Blockade Reverses Anergy in IL-13Ra2 Humanized scFv-Based CAR T Cells to Treat Murine and Canine Gliomas. Researchgate net. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.omto.2018.08.002.","journal-title":"Researchgate net"},{"issue":"10","key":"1442_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.3390\/BIOMEDICINES9101339\/S1","volume":"9","author":"R Klapdor","year":"2021","unstructured":"Klapdor R, et al. NK cell-mediated eradication of ovarian cancer cells with a novel chimeric antigen receptor directed against CD44. Biomedicines. 2021;9(10):1339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/BIOMEDICINES9101339\/S1.","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"1","key":"1442_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2016.10.016","volume":"25","author":"S Mohammed","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mohammed S, et al. Improving chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cell function by reversing the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment of pancreatic cancer. Molecular Therapy. 2017;25(1):249\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ymthe.2016.10.016.","journal-title":"Molecular Therapy"},{"key":"1442_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BIOPHA.2021.111605","author":"Y Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen Y, et al. CAR-macrophage: a new immunotherapy candidate against solid tumors. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.BIOPHA.2021.111605.","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"1442_CR49","unstructured":"Khorasani A, Yousefi A, B D, - International, and undefined 2022, \u201cCAR NK cell therapy in hematologic malignancies and solid tumors; obstacles and strategies to overcome the challenges,\u201d Elsevier, Accessed: Jul. 10, 2024. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1567576922005252?casa_token=Qn7UBIDz3IQAAAAA:_byjHj8yqRPkyBH3u24ccgHmxuw17uQYkgBKr-Kk9emfg2N5hrgKJzTfkXuvWOh20TXxSCJUwA"},{"key":"1442_CR50","unstructured":"X.-H Y. in Science, E. and Technology, and undefined 2023, \u201cLimitations and Overcomes of CAR-NK for Cancer Immunotherapy,\u201d drpress.org, Accessed: Jul. 08, 2024. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/drpress.org\/ojs\/index.php\/HSET\/article\/view\/6133"},{"key":"1442_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Google Scholar.\u201d Accessed: Jul. 08, 2024. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=doi%3A+10.1016%2Fj.biopha.2021.111605&btnG=\u201chttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111605"},{"key":"1442_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FIMMU.2022.927153\/FULL","author":"X Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang X, Zhu L, Zhang H, Chen S, Xiao Y. CAR-T Cell Therapy in Hematological Malignancies: Current Opportunities and Challenges. Front Immunol. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FIMMU.2022.927153\/FULL.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"1442_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haslauer T, Greil R, Z-I N, J. of, and undefined 2021, \u201cCAR T-cell therapy in hematological malignancies,\u201d mdpi.com, Accessed: Jul. 08, 2024. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/16\/8996","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168996"},{"key":"1442_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"B. A.- Medicina and undefined 2019, \u201cTumor microenvironment,\u201d mdpi.com, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina56010015.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina56010015"},{"key":"1442_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FIMMU.2020.01109\/FULL","author":"A Rodriguez-Garcia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Garcia A, Palazon A, Noguera-Ortega E, Powell DJ, Guedan S. CAR-T cells hit the tumor microenvironment: strategies to overcome tumor escape. Front Immunol. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FIMMU.2020.01109\/FULL.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"1442_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen Q, Lu L, M W- Cancers, and undefined 2022, \u201cEfficacy, safety, and challenges of CAR T-cells in the treatment of solid tumors,\u201d mdpi.comQ Chen, L Lu, W MaCancers, 2022\u2022mdpi.com, Accessed: Apr. 22, 2024. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/14\/23\/5983","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14235983"},{"key":"1442_CR57","unstructured":"Mokhtari R, Homayouni T, N. B.- Oncotarget, and undefined 2017, \u201cCombination therapy in combating cancer,\u201d ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, Accessed: Apr. 21, 2024. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5514969\/"},{"issue":"9","key":"1442_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1007\/S00262-016-1876-8","volume":"65","author":"KA Gaither","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gaither KA, et al. The immunomodulatory, antitumor and antimetastatic responses of melanoma-bearing normal and alcoholic mice to sunitinib and ALT-803: a combinatorial treatment approach. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2016;65(9):1123\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00262-016-1876-8.","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol Immunother"},{"issue":"4","key":"1442_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-012-1380-8","volume":"62","author":"R Cabrera","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cabrera R, et al. Immune modulation of effector CD4+ and regulatory T cell function by sorafenib in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Springer. 2013;62(4):737\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00262-012-1380-8.","journal-title":"Springer"},{"key":"1442_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FPHAR.2019.01232\/FULL","author":"N Climent","year":"2019","unstructured":"Climent N, Plana M. Immunomodulatory activity of tyrosine kinase inhibitors to elicit cytotoxicity against cancer and viral infection. Front Pharmacol. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FPHAR.2019.01232\/FULL.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"1442_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020867","author":"FK Tsogas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tsogas FK, Majerczyk D, Hart PC. Possible role of metformin as an immune modulator in the tumor microenvironment of ovarian cancer. Int j mol sci. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22020867.","journal-title":"Int j mol sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"1442_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12123","volume":"43","author":"M Wang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wang M, Zhang W, Shang J, Yang J, Zhang L, Bachert C. Immunomodulatory effects of IL-23 and IL-17 in a mouse model of allergic rhinitis. Wiley Online Library. 2013;43(8):956\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cea.12123.","journal-title":"Wiley Online Library"},{"key":"1442_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12123586","author":"Y Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang Y, Lundqvist A. Immunomodulatory effects of IL-2 and IL-15; implications for cancer immunotherapy. Cancers. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers12123586.","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"issue":"3","key":"1442_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13886","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.13886","volume":"46","author":"S Khan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khan S, Awan KA, Iqbal MJ. Sulforaphane as a potential remedy against cancer: Comprehensive mechanistic review. J Food biochem. 2022;46(3):e13886. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jfbc.13886.","journal-title":"J Food biochem"},{"issue":"43","key":"1442_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15550","DOI":"10.1073\/PNAS.1416940111","volume":"111","author":"K Singh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Singh K, et al. Sulforaphane treatment of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111(43):15550\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/PNAS.1416940111.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"1","key":"1442_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/S12916-021-02161-8\/FIGURES\/6","volume":"19","author":"C Shen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shen C, et al. Sulforaphane enhances the antitumor response of chimeric antigen receptor T cells by regulating PD-1\/PD-L1 pathway. BMC Med. 2021;19(1):1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S12916-021-02161-8\/FIGURES\/6.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1442_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-022-00434-9","volume":"10","author":"Y Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu Y, et al. Strategies to enhance CAR-T persistence. Biomarker Res. 2022;10(1):1\u201318.","journal-title":"Biomarker Res"},{"key":"1442_CR68","unstructured":"Jin J et al., \u201cSunitinib resistance in renal cell carcinoma: From molecular mechanisms to predictive biomarkers,\u201d Elsevier, Accessed: Mar. 19, 2024. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1368764623000122"},{"issue":"1","key":"1442_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1097\/CJI.0000000000000301","volume":"43","author":"H Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li H, et al. CAIX-specific CAR-T Cells and sunitinib show synergistic effects against metastatic renal cancer models. J Immunother. 2020;43(1):16\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CJI.0000000000000301.","journal-title":"J Immunother"},{"key":"1442_CR70","unstructured":"P. Akbari, A. Katsarou, \u2026 R. D.-\u2026 et B. A. (BBA, and undefined 2022, \u201cDirecting CAR T cells towards the tumor vasculature for the treatment of solid tumors,\u201d Elsevier, Accessed: Mar. 19, 2024. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0304419X22000269"},{"key":"1442_CR71","unstructured":"W. Tang, Z. Chen, W. Zhang, Y. Cheng, \u2026 B. Z.-S. transduction and, and undefined 2020, \u201cThe mechanisms of sorafenib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma: theoretical basis and therapeutic aspects,\u201d nature.com, Accessed: Mar. 19, 2024. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41392-020-0187-x"},{"key":"1442_CR72","unstructured":"Bo MD, De Mattia E, Baboci L, S. M.-D. R., and undefined 2020, \u201cNew insights into the pharmacological, immunological, and CAR-T-cell approaches in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma,\u201d Elsevier, Accessed: Mar. 19, 2024. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1368764620300315"},{"issue":"8","key":"1442_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2019.04.020","volume":"27","author":"X Wu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wu X, et al. Combined Antitumor Effects of Sorafenib and GPC3-CAR T Cells in Mouse Models of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Mol Ther. 2019;27(8):1483\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ymthe.2019.04.020.","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"issue":"7","key":"1442_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1007\/S40262-020-00872-4","volume":"59","author":"D Lev\u00eaque","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lev\u00eaque D, Becker G, Bilger K, Natarajan-Am\u00e9 S. Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Dasatinib. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2020;59(7):849\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S40262-020-00872-4.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"1442_CR75","unstructured":"P. A.-T. L. Haematology and undefined 2021, \u201cLow-dose dasatinib: when less can be more,\u201d thelancet.com, Accessed: Mar. 20, 2024. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/lanhae\/article\/PIIS2352-3026(21)00342-2\/fulltext"},{"key":"1442_CR76","unstructured":"Weber E, Lynn R, Sotillo E, Lattin J, X-B P, advances, and undefined 2019, \u201cPharmacologic control of CAR-T cell function using dasatinib,\u201d Elsevier, Accessed: Mar. 20, 2024. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2473952920304481"},{"key":"1442_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mestermann K, Giavridis T, Weber J, R-S J, translational, and undefined 2019, \u201cThe tyrosine kinase inhibitor dasatinib acts as a pharmacologic on\/off switch for CAR T cells,\u201d science.org, Accessed: Mar. 20, 2024. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/abs\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.aau5907","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aau5907"},{"key":"1442_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrea A, Chiron A, B-I S, journal of, and undefined 2020, \u201cEngineering next-generation CAR-T cells for better toxicity management,\u201d mdpi.com, Accessed: Mar. 20, 2024. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/21\/22\/8620","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228620"},{"key":"1442_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang H, Tang L, Kong Y, Liu W, Z-I X, J. of, and undefined 2023, \u201cStrategies for reducing toxicity and enhancing efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy in hematological malignancies,\u201d mdpi.com, Accessed: Mar. 20, 2024. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/11\/9115","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119115"},{"key":"1442_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FENDO.2020.00191\/FULL","author":"Z Lv","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lv Z, Guo Y. Metformin and its benefits for various diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FENDO.2020.00191\/FULL.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"1442_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S154853","volume":"11","author":"Q Mu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mu Q, et al. Metformin inhibits proliferation and cytotoxicity and induces apoptosis via AMPK pathway in CD19-chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells. Taylor & Francis. 2018;11:11\u20131767. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/OTT.S154853.","journal-title":"Taylor & Francis"},{"key":"1442_CR82","unstructured":"Chao Y et al., \u201cMetformin-containing hydrogel scaffold to augment CAR-T therapy against post-surgical solid tumors,\u201d Elsevier, Accessed: Mar. 22, 2024. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0142961223000601"},{"key":"1442_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-55617-4_6","volume":"1290","author":"S Subhadarshani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Subhadarshani S, Yusuf N, Elmets CA. IL-23 and the Tumor Microenvironment. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2021;1290:89\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-55617-4_6.","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1442_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/S00011-020-01339-9","volume":"69","author":"AIK Abdo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abdo AIK, Tye GJ. Interleukin 23 and autoimmune diseases: current and possible future therapies. Inflamm Res. 2020;69(5):463\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00011-020-01339-9.","journal-title":"Inflamm Res"},{"key":"1442_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0012955","author":"G Chamilos","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chamilos G, et al. Generation of IL-23 producing Dendritic Cells (DCs) by airborne fungi regulates fungal pathogenicity via the induction of TH-17 responses. PLoS One. 2010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0012955.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1442_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FIMMU.2019.00128","author":"M Martinez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Martinez M, Moon EK. CAR T cells for solid tumors: new strategies for finding, infiltrating, and surviving in the tumor microenvironment. Front Immunol. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FIMMU.2019.00128.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"1442_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/SCITRANSLMED.AAT9143","author":"SL Hewitt","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hewitt SL, et al. Durable anticancer immunity from intratumoral administration of IL-23, IL-36\u03b3, and OX40L mRNAs. Sci Transl Med. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/SCITRANSLMED.AAT9143.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"1442_CR88","unstructured":"Ma X, et al. \u201cInterleukin-23 engineering improves CAR T cell function in solid tumors,\u201d nature.com, Accessed: Apr. 21, 2024. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41587-019-0398-2"},{"key":"1442_CR89","unstructured":"Ma X, et al. \u201cInterleukin-23 engineering improves CAR T cell function in solid tumors,\u201d nature.comX Ma, P Shou, C Smith, Y Chen, H Du, C Sun, N Porterfield Kren, D Michaud, S AhnNature biotechnology, 2020\u2022nature.com, Accessed: Apr. 21, 2024. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41587-019-0398-2"},{"key":"1442_CR90","unstructured":"Giuffrida L, Sek K, Henderson M, House I, L-M J, Therapy, and undefined 2020, \u201cIL-15 preconditioning augments CAR T cell responses to checkpoint blockade for improved treatment of solid tumors,\u201d cell.comL Giuffrida, K Sek, MA Henderson, IG House, J Lai, AXY Chen, KL Todd, EV PetleyMolecular Therapy, 2020\u2022cell.com, Accessed: Apr. 21, 2024. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.cell.com\/molecular-therapy-family\/molecular-therapy\/fulltext\/S1525-0016(20)30369-5?dgcid=raven_jbs_aip_email"},{"key":"1442_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park H, Lee S, Lee J, Moon H, R-I S, J. of Molecular, and undefined 2023, \u201cExploring the JAK\/STAT Signaling Pathway in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Unraveling Signaling Complexity and Therapeutic Implications,\u201d mdpi.comH Park, S Lee, J Lee, H Moon, SW RoInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences, 2023\u2022mdpi.com, Accessed: Apr. 21, 2024. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/24\/18\/13764","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241813764"},{"key":"1442_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FIMMU.2023.1113882\/FULL","author":"A Daei Sorkhabi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Daei Sorkhabi A, et al. The current landscape of CAR T-cell therapy for solid tumors Mechanisms research progress challenges and counterstrategies. Front Immunol. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FIMMU.2023.1113882\/FULL.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"1442_CR93","unstructured":"Guo J, T-C Q, G. Therapy, and undefined 2021, \u201cRecent updates on chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma,\u201d nature.comJ Guo, Q TangCancer Gene Therapy, 2021\u2022nature.com, Accessed: Apr. 21, 2024. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41417-020-00259-4"},{"issue":"11","key":"1442_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1002\/psc.1400","volume":"17","author":"Y La Lee","year":"2011","unstructured":"La Lee Y, et al. Targeting of hepatocellular carcinoma with glypican\u20103\u2010targeting peptide ligand. J Peptide Sci. 2011;17(11):763\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/psc.1400.","journal-title":"J Peptide Sci"},{"key":"1442_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rochigneux P, Chanez B, De Rauglaudre B, E. M.- Cancers, and undefined 2021, \u201cAdoptive cell therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma: biological rationale and first results in early phase clinical trials,\u201d mdpi.comP Rochigneux, B Chanez, B De Rauglaudre, E Mitry, C Chabannon, M GilabertCancers, 2021\u2022mdpi.com, Accessed: Apr. 21, 2024. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6694\/13\/2\/271","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13020271"},{"key":"1442_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yao M, Yao D, Bian Y, Zhang C, Q L & D P, and undefined 2011, \u201cOncofetal antigen glypican-3 as a promising early diagnostic marker for hepatocellular carcinoma,\u201d 2011; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1499-3872(11)60048-9.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1499-3872(11)60048-9"},{"key":"1442_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makkouk A, Yang X, Barca T, L A, -\u2026 for immunotherapy of, and undefined 2021, \u201cOff-the-shelf V\u03b41 gamma delta T cells engineered with glypican-3 (GPC-3)-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) and soluble IL-15 display robust,\u201d ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, Accessed: Apr. 21, 2024. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8679077\/","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-003441"},{"key":"1442_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S12967-021-03165-X","author":"M Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang M, et al. Optimization of metabolism to improve efficacy during CAR-T cell manufacturing. J Transl Med. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S12967-021-03165-X.","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1442_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1038\/S41571-019-0297-Y","volume":"17","author":"S Rafiq","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rafiq S, Hackett CS, Brentjens RJ. Engineering strategies to overcome the current roadblocks in CAR T cell therapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2020;17(3):147\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/S41571-019-0297-Y.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Clin Oncol"},{"key":"1442_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/S41408-021-00459-7","author":"RC Sterner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sterner RC, Sterner RM. CAR-T cell therapy: current limitations and potential strategies. Blood Cancer J. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/S41408-021-00459-7.","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"},{"key":"1442_CR101","unstructured":"Propper D, B-N F, reviews C. oncology, and undefined 2022, \u201cHarnessing cytokines and chemokines for cancer therapy,\u201d nature.comDJ Propper, FR BalkwillNature reviews Clinical oncology, 2022\u2022nature.com, Accessed: Apr. 22, 2024. [Online]. Available: https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41571-021-00588-9"}],"container-title":["Clinical and Experimental Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10238-024-01442-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10238-024-01442-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10238-024-01442-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,30]],"date-time":"2024-11-30T12:25:46Z","timestamp":1732969546000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10238-024-01442-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1442"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10238-024-01442-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1591-9528"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1591-9528","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 June 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 July 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 August 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interest"}}],"article-number":"180"}}