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This retrospective study utilized archived specimens from patients who underwent liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma at Tianjin First Central Hospital between January 2015 and January 2022. All samples were obtained from the hospital\u2019s Biological Sample Resource Sharing Center. At the time of sample collection and banking, written informed consent was obtained from each patient or their legal guardian for the future use of their residual tissue in medical research. A representative copy of the informed consent form has been submitted to the editorial office. All research was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. All animal experiments were approved by the Animal Ethical and Welfare Committee of Tianjin Jinke Bona Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Approval No. GENINK-20250109).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"316"}}