{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T13:46:52Z","timestamp":1792158412091,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":208,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792108800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clin Exp Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Oncolytic virotherapy has emerged as a promising cancer treatment that combines selective tumor destruction with potent stimulation of antitumor immunity. Unlike conventional therapies, oncolytic viruses (OVs) preferentially infect and replicate within malignant cells while sparing normal tissues, leading to direct tumor lysis and the release of tumor-associated antigens, pathogen-associated molecular patterns, and damage-associated molecular patterns that activate both innate and adaptive immune responses. Advances in molecular virology and genetic engineering have transformed naturally occurring viruses into programmable therapeutic platforms capable of delivering immunomodulatory payloads that enhance antitumor efficacy and remodel the tumor microenvironment. Multiple DNA- and RNA-based viral platforms, including herpes simplex virus, adenovirus, vaccinia virus, reovirus, measles virus, Newcastle disease virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, and coxsackievirus, are currently under clinical investigation, with regulatory approval of talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) and G47\u0394 providing important proof of clinical feasibility. Increasing evidence indicates that OVs can convert immunologically \"cold\" tumors into \"hot\" tumors, thereby improving responsiveness to immune checkpoint inhibitors and other therapeutic modalities. Consequently, oncolytic virotherapy has become an attractive component of combination strategies involving immunotherapy, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapies, and cellular therapies. Nevertheless, several challenges continue to limit its broader clinical application, including antiviral immune clearance, inefficient systemic delivery, restricted intratumoral spread, tumor heterogeneity, manufacturing complexity, and the lack of robust predictive biomarkers. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the biological foundations of oncolytic virotherapy, viral engineering strategies, mechanisms of tumor selectivity, direct oncolysis, immunogenic cell death, and immune remodeling of the tumor microenvironment. It further summarizes the major oncolytic virus platforms, recent preclinical and clinical advances, emerging combination strategies, current translational challenges, and future directions expected to advance precision oncolytic virotherapy and expand its role in modern cancer treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Comprehensive overview of oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) from fundamental biology to clinical translation<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-026-02311-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T09:45:59Z","timestamp":1792143959000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Oncolytic virotherapy for cancer: biological mechanisms, clinical advances, and future perspectives"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9981-0622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esraa M.","family":"Halawa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherihan G.","family":"AbdelHamid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"ElHefnawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2311_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/10732748251378666","volume":"32","author":"I Elbarazi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Elbarazi I, Ahmed LA. Alleviating the global burden of cancer through prevention and early detection. Cancer Control. 2025;32:1\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10732748251378666.","journal-title":"Cancer Control"},{"key":"2311_CR2","unstructured":"C. M. Balch et al., \u201cThe global cancer crisis : a review of growing burden , deepening inequality and initiatives for prevention and early detection,\u201d Ecancermedicalscience, pp. 1\u201323, 2026."},{"key":"2311_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-025-02198-8","author":"A Zafar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zafar A, Khatoon S, Jawad M, Junaid K, Aisha A. Advancements and limitations in traditional anti - cancer therapies: a comprehensive review of surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and hormonal therapy. Discov Oncol. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12672-025-02198-8.","journal-title":"Discov Oncol"},{"key":"2311_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V. Murugesan and T. Thuraisingam, \u201cFrom Excision to Immunity : The Full Spectrum of Modern Melanoma Treatments,\u201d Cancers (Basel)., pp. 1\u201333, 2026.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers18132043"},{"key":"2311_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/EDBK","author":"CM Lovly","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lovly CM, Salama AKS, Salgia R. Tumor heterogeneity and therapeutic resistance. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ book Am Soc Clin Oncol Annu Meet. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/EDBK.","journal-title":"Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ book Am Soc Clin Oncol Annu Meet"},{"key":"2311_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"H. Miao et al., \u201cTransforming the landscape of cancer treatment with seven promising novel therapies: evolution and future perspectives,\u201d Med. Plus, vol. 2, no. May, 2025, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.medp.2025.100087.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medp.2025.100087"},{"key":"2311_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/biol-2025-1179","author":"Y Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang Y. Advances in cancer immunotherapy and future directions in personalized medicine. Open Life Sci. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/biol-2025-1179.","journal-title":"Open Life Sci"},{"key":"2311_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17050821","author":"S Bandara","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bandara S, Raveendran S. Current landscape and future directions in cancer immunotherapy: therapies, trials, and challenges. Cancers. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers17050821.","journal-title":"Cancers"},{"key":"2311_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J. et al. Fan, T., Zhang, M., Yang, \u201cTherapeutic cancer vaccines : advancements , challenges and prospects,\u201d Signal Transduct. Target. Ther., no. May, 2023, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41392-023-01674-3.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01674-3"},{"key":"2311_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-026-04785-9","author":"VJ Ashonibare","year":"2026","unstructured":"Ashonibare VJ, et al. Current evidence and emerging approaches in immunotherapy for gynecological cancers. Discov Oncol. 2026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12672-026-04785-9.","journal-title":"Discov Oncol"},{"key":"2311_CR11","unstructured":"Y. et al. Xiao, D., Zhang, H., Liu, \u201cOncolytic viruses : advanced strategies in cancer therapy,\u201d Sig Transduct Target Ther, no. July, 2026."},{"key":"2311_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. Cao, C. Ding, J. Dai, and X. Qiu, \u201cOncolytic virus and immunogenic cell death in cancer therapy,\u201d Tumour Virus Res., vol. 20, no. July, 2025.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvr.2025.200333"},{"key":"2311_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"G. Bell, J., & McFadden, \u201cViruses for Tumor Therapy,\u201d Cell Host Microbe, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 260\u2013265, 2015, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chom.2014.01.002.Viruses.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.01.002.Viruses"},{"issue":"37","key":"2311_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omto.2019.10.007","volume":"15","author":"M Zheng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zheng M, Huang J, Tong A, Yang H. Oncolytic viruses for cancer therapy: barriers and recent advances. Mol Ther Oncolytics. 2019;15(37):234\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.omto.2019.10.007.","journal-title":"Mol Ther Oncolytics"},{"key":"2311_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Jadhav and J. Aravind, \u201cA comprehensive review redefining viruses as therapeutic agents in cancer treatment,\u201d Discov. Oncol., 2025.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-025-03973-3"},{"key":"2311_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15050393","author":"M Fayyad-kazan","year":"2026","unstructured":"Fayyad-kazan M, Al-tameemi S. Oncolytic viruses in cancer immunotherapy: from molecular engineering to clinical translation. Cells. 2026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells15050393.","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2311_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25021180","author":"SR Volovat","year":"2024","unstructured":"Volovat SR, et al. Oncolytic virotherapy: a new paradigm in cancer immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25021180.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2311_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"D. Lin, Y. Shen, and T. Liang, \u201cOncolytic virotherapy : basic principles , recent advances and future directions,\u201d Sig Transduct Target Ther, no. October 2022, 2023, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41392-023-01407-6.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01407-6"},{"key":"2311_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/10732748251382295","volume":"32","author":"SMS Alam","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alam SMS, Tasnim M, Amin T, Islam SMBU. A new era in oncology: clinical insights into the application of oncolytic viruses. Cancer Control. 2025;32:1\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10732748251382295.","journal-title":"Cancer Control"},{"issue":"6","key":"2311_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.2217\/imt.15.35.Talimogene","volume":"7","author":"DB Johnson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Johnson DB, Puzanov I, Kelley MC. Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) for the treatment of advanced melanoma. Immunotherapy. 2016;7(6):611\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2217\/imt.15.35.Talimogene.","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"key":"2311_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.123595","volume":"194","author":"NJ Erickson","year":"2025","unstructured":"Erickson NJ, Stavarache M, Tekedereli I, Kaplitt MG, Markert JM. Herpes Simplex Oncolytic Viral Therapy for Malignant Glioma and Mechanisms of Delivery. World Neurosurg. 2025;194:123595. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wneu.2024.123595.","journal-title":"World Neurosurg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2311_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-025-01691-2","volume":"25","author":"S Rivera","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rivera S, Jhommara O, Palacios D, Sof\u00eda Z, Mosquera O. Oncolytic virotherapy and tumor microenvironment modulation. Clin Exp Med. 2025;25(1):1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10238-025-01691-2.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2311_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1007\/s40259-025-00743-z","volume":"39","author":"C Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen C, et al. Oncolytic virotherapy in solid tumors: a current review. BioDrugs. 2025;39(6):857\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40259-025-00743-z.","journal-title":"BioDrugs"},{"key":"2311_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. E. Berkey, S. H. Thorne, and D. L. Bartlett, \u201cOncolytic Virotherapy and the Tumor Microenvironment,\u201d Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. vol 1036. Springer, Cham, 2017.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-67577-0_11"},{"key":"2311_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1308890","volume":"December","author":"L Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen L, Zuo M, Zhou Q, Wang Y. Oncolytic virotherapy in cancer treatment: challenges and optimization prospects. Front Immunol. 2023;December:1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1308890.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2311_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Y. Li, X. Qin, C. Liang, and L. Wang, \u201cProgress in the research and development of oncolytic virus therapies,\u201d Front. Pharmacol., no. February, pp. 1\u201314, 2026, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2026.1751206.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2026.1751206"},{"key":"2311_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-022-00098-4","author":"SJ Russell","year":"2022","unstructured":"Russell SJ, Bell JC, Engeland CE, McFadden G. Advances in oncolytic virotherapy. Commun Med. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43856-022-00098-4.","journal-title":"Commun Med"},{"key":"2311_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-026-02651-4","author":"X Hua","year":"2026","unstructured":"Hua X, et al. Bridging mechanism and clinic: unlocking the full potential of oncolytic virus-based immunotherapy. Mol Cancer. 2026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12943-026-02651-4.","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"2311_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Y. Guo, C. Huang, L. Xu, Y. Xuan, and P. Wang, \u201cAdvances in oncolytic virus delivery strategies and challenges in clinical translation,\u201d Mater. Today Bio, vol. 39, no. May, p. 103316, 2026, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mtbio.2026.103316.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2026.103316"},{"key":"2311_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2016.2064","author":"SE Lawler","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lawler SE, Speranza M, Cho C, Chiocca EA. Oncolytic viruses in cancer treatment a review. JAMA Oncol. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaoncol.2016.2064.","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol"},{"key":"2311_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines8110484","author":"DV Chouljenko","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chouljenko DV, Ding J, Lee I, Murad YM, Bu X, Liu G. Induction of durable antitumor response by a novel oncolytic herpesvirus expressing multiple immunomodulatory transgenes. Biomedicines. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines8110484.","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"6","key":"2311_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2019.1596006","volume":"8","author":"ME Davola","year":"2019","unstructured":"Davola ME, Mossman KL. Oncolytic viruses\u202f: how \u2018 lytic \u2019 must they be for therapeutic efficacy\u202f? Oncolytic viruses\u202f: how \u2018 lytic \u2019 must they be for therapeutic efficacy\u202f? Oncoimmunology. 2019;8(6):1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/2162402X.2019.1596006.","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"key":"2311_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-004167","author":"L Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang L, Dunmall LSC, Cheng Z, Wang Y. Remodeling the tumor microenvironment by oncolytic viruses: beyond oncolysis of tumor cells for cancer treatment. J Immunother Cancer. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jitc-2021-004167.","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"2311_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2025.03.035","volume":"33","author":"A Alwithenani","year":"2025","unstructured":"Alwithenani A, Hengswat P, Chiocca EA. Oncolytic viruses as cancer therapeutics\u202f: From mechanistic insights to clinical translation. Mol Ther. 2025;33(5):2217\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ymthe.2025.03.035.","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"2311_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"H. Qazi, T. J., Nunes, A. T., Xavier, P., & Fukumasu, \u201cOncolytic virotherapy: molecular mechanisms, delivery strategies, and translational insights,\u201d Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol., 2025, doi: . https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105061.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.105061"},{"issue":"April","key":"2311_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2014.00074","volume":"4","author":"ZS Guo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Guo ZS, Liu Z, Bartlett DL. Oncolytic immunotherapy\u202f: dying the right way is a key to eliciting potent antitumor immunity. Front Oncol. 2014;4(April):1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2014.00074.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"2311_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2025.5612","author":"J Xu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xu J, Xia Z, Wang S, Xia Q. Resistance to oncolytic virotherapy: multidimensional mechanisms and therapeutic breakthroughs (review). Int J Mol Med. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/ijmm.2025.5612.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"2311_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v15112262","author":"JA Enow","year":"2023","unstructured":"Enow JA, Sheikh HI, Rahman MM. Tumor tropism of DNA viruses for oncolytic virotherapy. Viruses. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v15112262.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"5","key":"2311_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.5501\/wjv.v10.i5.229","volume":"10","author":"JS Apolonio","year":"2021","unstructured":"Apolonio JS, et al. Oncolytic virus therapy in cancer: a current review. World J Virol. 2021;10(5):229\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5501\/wjv.v10.i5.229.","journal-title":"World J Virol"},{"key":"2311_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26199770","author":"J Xu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xu J, Liu C, An Y, Sun J, Wang S, Xia Q. Mechanisms of oncolytic virus-induced multi-modal cell death and therapeutic prospects. Int J Mol Sci. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26199770.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2311_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v18040461","author":"H Inoue","year":"2026","unstructured":"Inoue H. Oncolytic virotherapy and immunogenic cell death\u202f: mechanisms , platforms , and clinical translation. Viruses. 2026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v18040461.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2311_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1200\/PO.21.00003","volume":"1","author":"O Moaven","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moaven O, Mangieri CW, Stauffer JA, Anastasiadis PZ, Borad MJ. Strategies to develop potent oncolytic viruses and enhance their therapeutic efficacy. JCO Precis Oncol. 2021;1:733\u201343.","journal-title":"JCO Precis Oncol"},{"key":"2311_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13050939","author":"M Ehrlich","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ehrlich M, Bacharach E. Oncolytic virotherapy: the cancer cell side. Cancers (Basel). 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers13050939.","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"2311_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhang B, Cheng P. Improving antitumor efficacy via combinatorial regimens of oncolytic virotherapy. Mol Cancer. 2020(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12943-020-01275-6.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-020-01275-6"},{"key":"2311_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Y. Chen et al., \u201cCurrent status and research progress of oncolytic virus,\u201d Pharm. Sci. Adv., vol. 2, no. November 2023, p. 100037, 2024, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pscia.2024.100037.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscia.2024.100037"},{"key":"2311_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Q. Fernandes and O. Gbenga, \u201cCytokine Unveiling the nexus : The tumor microenvironment as a strategic frontier in viral cancers,\u201d Cytokine, vol. 185, no. September 2024, p. 156827, 2025, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cyto.2024.156827.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2024.156827"},{"key":"2311_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1111\/1759-7714.13043","volume":"10","author":"Y Bai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bai Y, Hui P, Du X, Su X. Updates to the antitumor mechanism of oncolytic virus. Thorac Cancer. 2019;10:1031\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1759-7714.13043.","journal-title":"Thorac Cancer"},{"key":"2311_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2013.84","author":"H Inoue","year":"2014","unstructured":"Inoue H, Tani K. Multimodal immunogenic cancer cell death as a consequence of anticancer cytotoxic treatments. Cell Death Differ. 2014. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/cdd.2013.84.","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"2311_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/798526","author":"MH Verheije","year":"2012","unstructured":"Verheije MH, Rottier PJM. Retargeting of viruses to generate oncolytic agents. Adv Virol. 2012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2012\/798526.","journal-title":"Adv Virol"},{"key":"2311_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.125.8.856","volume":"125","author":"JL Blackwell","year":"1999","unstructured":"Blackwell JL, et al. Retargeting to EGFR enhances adenovirus infection efficiency of squamous cell carcinoma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1999;125:856\u201363.","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"2311_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.14829","volume":"782","author":"F Sakurai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sakurai F, Nishimae F, Takayama K, Mizuguchi H. Optimization of an E1A gene expression cassette in an oncolytic adenovirus for efficient tumor cell killing activity. Anticancer Res. 2021;782:773\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21873\/anticanres.14829.","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"2311_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Larson, B. Oronsky, J. Scicinski, G. R. Fanger, A. Oronsky, and T. R. Reid, \u201cGoing viral : a review of oncolytic adenoviruses,\u201d Oncotarget, vol. 6, no. 24, 2015.","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.5116"},{"issue":"2","key":"2311_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.5493\/wjem.v6.i2.37","volume":"6","author":"A Geisler","year":"2016","unstructured":"Geisler A, Fechner H. MicroRNA-regulated viral vectors for gene therapy. World J Exp Med. 2016;6(2):37\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5493\/wjem.v6.i2.37.","journal-title":"World J Exp Med"},{"key":"2311_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23071500","author":"JC Dhungel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dhungel JC, Ramlogan-Steel CA, Steel B. MicroRNA-regulated gene delivery systems for research and therapeutic purposes. Molecules. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules23071500.","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"June","key":"2311_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omto.2022.03.008","volume":"25","author":"A Yoon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yoon A, Rivera-cruz C, Gimble JM, Yun C, Figueiredo ML. Immunotherapy by mesenchymal stromal cell delivery of oncolytic viruses for treating metastatic tumors. Mol Ther Oncolytics. 2022;25(June):78\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.omto.2022.03.008.","journal-title":"Mol Ther Oncolytics"},{"key":"2311_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26146900","author":"Y Xia","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xia Y, Li D, Yang K, Ou X. Systemic delivery strategies for oncolytic viruses: advancing targeted and efficient tumor therapy. Int J Mol Sci. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26146900.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2311_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V. A. Sarkisova, A. A. Dalina, D. O. Neymysheva, M. A. Zenov, G. V Ilyinskaya, and P. M. Chumakov, \u201cCell Carriers for Oncolytic Virus Delivery : Prospects for Systemic Administration,\u201d Cancers (Basel)., pp. 1\u201325, 2025.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202506.1079.v1"},{"key":"2311_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37349\/ei.2025.1003204","author":"AAA Aljabali","year":"2025","unstructured":"Aljabali AAA, Bashatwah R, Gammoh O. The dual promise of oncolytic viruses: selective targeting and therapeutic enhancement in cancer treatment. Explor Immunol. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37349\/ei.2025.1003204.","journal-title":"Explor Immunol"},{"key":"2311_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1540397","author":"AS Isaeva","year":"2025","unstructured":"Isaeva AS, et al. Shaping viral immunotherapy towards cancer-targeted immunological cell death. Front Oncol. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2025.1540397.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"September","key":"2311_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omton.2025.201027","volume":"33","author":"F Kortum","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kortum F, Hartmann N, Bryan A, Glau S, Altomonte J. Syncytial death mediated by oncolytic rVSV-NDV dynamically activates immunogenic apoptosis and necroptosis in human lung cancer cells. Mol Ther Oncol. 2025;33(September):1\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.omton.2025.201027.","journal-title":"Mol Ther Oncol"},{"key":"2311_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cgt.2016.8","author":"A Takasu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Takasu A, Masui A, Hamada M, Imai T, Iwai S, Yura Y. Immunogenic cell death by oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1 in squamous cell carcinoma cells. Cancer Gene Ther. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/cgt.2016.8.","journal-title":"Cancer Gene Ther"},{"key":"2311_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"L. Palanivelu and C. Liu, \u201cImmunogenic cell death: The cornerstone of oncolytic viro-immunotherapy,\u201d Front. Immunol., no. January, pp. 1\u201313, 2023, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1038226.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1038226"},{"key":"2311_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"H. Tazawa, S. Kuroda, J. Hasei, and S. Kagawa, \u201cImpact of Autophagy in Oncolytic Adenoviral Therapy for Cancer,\u201d Int. J. Mol. Sci., pp. 1\u201313, 2017, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms18071479.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18071479"},{"key":"2311_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"H. S. Rodriguez-Rocha, H., Gomez-Gutierrez, J. G., Garcia-Garcia, A., Rao, X. M., Chen, L., McMasters, K. M., & Zhou, \u201cAdenoviruses induce autophagy to promote virus replication and oncolysis,\u201d Virology, vol. 416, no. 502, pp. 9\u201315, 2011, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virol.2011.04.017.Adenoviruses.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2011.04.017.Adenoviruses"},{"key":"2311_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"K. M. Calvillo-rodr and A. C. Mart, \u201cImmunotherapies inducing immunogenic cell death in cancer : insight of the innate immune system,\u201d Front. Immunol., no. November, pp. 1\u201321, 2023, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1294434.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1294434"},{"key":"2311_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Y. Wu, T. Sun, M. Chen, M. Munir, and H. Liu, \u201cOncolytic viruses-modulated immunogenic cell death , apoptosis and autophagy linking to virotherapy and cancer immune response,\u201d Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., no. March, pp. 1\u201313, 2023, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1142172.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1142172"},{"key":"2311_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-018-0172-x","author":"H Nailwal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nailwal H, Chan FK. Necroptosis in anti-viral inflammation. Cell Death Differ. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41418-018-0172-x.","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"2311_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251910760","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang Z, et al. Induced necroptosis and its role in cancer immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms251910760.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2311_CR69","unstructured":"T. Kuriakose and T. Kanneganti, \u201cPyroptosis in Antiviral Immunity,\u201d Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol., no. 901, 2023, doi:10.1007\/82"},{"key":"2311_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1346878","author":"H Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen H, et al. Advances in the mechanism of inflammasomes activation in herpes virus infection. Front Immunol. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1346878.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"October","key":"2311_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.743780","volume":"11","author":"M Alifano","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alifano M, Cremer I, Leonardi L, Sibe S, Albanese C, Romero-garcia S. Autophagy modulation by viral infections influences tumor development. Front Oncol. 2021;11(October):1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2021.743780.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2311_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4720","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02032-10","volume":"85","author":"H Jiang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jiang H, White EJ, R\u00edos-vicil CI, Xu J, Gomez-manzano C, Fueyo J. Human adenovirus type 5 induces cell lysis through autophagy and autophagy-triggered caspase activity. J Virol. 2011;85(10):4720\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.02032-10.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"February","key":"2311_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virs.2023.08.002","volume":"38","author":"L Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang L, et al. Autophagy induced by human adenovirus B7 structural protein VI inhibits viral replication. Virol Sin. 2023;38(February):709\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virs.2023.08.002.","journal-title":"Virol Sin"},{"key":"2311_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"C. Kan, X., Yin, Y., Song, C., Tan, L., Qiu, X., Liao, Y., Liu, W., Meng, S., Sun, Y., & Ding, \u201cNewcastle-disease-virus-induced ferroptosis through nutrient deprivation and ferritinophagy in tumor cells,\u201d ISCIENCE, vol. 24, no. 8, p. 102837, 2021, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102837.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.102837"},{"key":"2311_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01897-23","author":"Y Sun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sun Y, et al. Oncolytic Newcastle disease virus induced degradation of YAP through E3 ubiquitin ligase PRKN to exacerbate ferroptosis in tumor cells. J Virol. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jvi.01897-23.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2311_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omton.2025.201100","volume":"33","author":"R Ghavimi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ghavimi R, et al. Viral warriors: unlocking the immune system\u2019s potential with oncolytic viruses in cancer immunotherapy. Mol Ther Oncolytics. 2025;33(4):201100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.omton.2025.201100.","journal-title":"Mol Ther Oncolytics"},{"key":"2311_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2994","DOI":"10.1002\/1878-0261.12851","volume":"14","author":"A Ahmed","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ahmed A, Tait SWG. Targeting immunogenic cell death in cancer. Mol Oncol. 2020;14:2994\u20133006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/1878-0261.12851.","journal-title":"Mol Oncol"},{"key":"2311_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-022-02585-z","author":"A Mardi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mardi A, et al. Biological causes of immunogenic cancer cell death (ICD) and anti-tumor therapy; combination of oncolytic virus-based immunotherapy and CAR T-cell therapy for ICD induction. Cancer Cell Int. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12935-022-02585-z.","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"2311_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-019-01532-0","volume":"24","author":"A Schcolnik","year":"2019","unstructured":"Schcolnik A, Bernardo C, Mandy O, Mayra J, Rivera C, Flisser A. Calreticulin in phagocytosis and cancer: opposite roles in immune response outcomes. Apoptosis. 2019;24(3):245\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10495-019-01532-0.","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"2311_CR80","unstructured":"M. Kielbik, I. Szulc-kielbik, and M. Klink, \u201cCalreticulin \u2014 Multifunctional Chaperone in Immunogenic Cell Ovarian Cancer Patients,\u201d Cells, 2021."},{"key":"2311_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Y. Kim, D. R. Clements, A. M. Sterea, H. W. Jang, S. A. Gujar, and P. W. K. Lee, \u201cDendritic Cells in Oncolytic Virus-Based Anti-Cancer Therapy,\u201d Viruses, pp. 6506\u20136525, 2015, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v7122953.","DOI":"10.3390\/v7122953"},{"key":"2311_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"and T. D. Bhatt, Darshak K., \u201cMolecular Circuits of Immune Sensing and Response to Oncolytic Virotherapy,\u201d Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2024.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202403.1614.v1"},{"key":"2311_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-24-0509","volume":"23","author":"KL Nelson","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nelson KL, et al. VAX014 activates tumor-intrinsic STING and RIG-I to promote the development of antitumor immunity. Mol Cancer Ther. 2025;23:587\u2013604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-24-0509.","journal-title":"Mol Cancer Ther"},{"key":"2311_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"C. F. Kollmann, N. Van Montfoort, P. Cordelier, J. Pol, and D. Olagnier, \u201cOncolytic virotherapy : Sparking durable anti-tumor immunity through microenvironment modulation,\u201d Semin. Immunol., vol. 80, no. August, p. 101994, 2025, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smim.2025.101994.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2025.101994"},{"key":"2311_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"V. W. Nadafi, R., Dong, W., & Van Beusechem, \u201cImmunological Impact of Oncolytic Adenoviruses On Cancer Therapy : Clinical Insights,\u201d Eur. J. Immunol., pp. 1\u201315, 2025, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eji.70024.","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.70024"},{"key":"2311_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"I. Barjij and M. Meliani, \u201cImmunogenic Cell Death as a Target for Combination Therapies in Solid Tumors : A Systematic Review Toward a New Paradigm in Immuno-Oncology,\u201d Cureus, vol. 17, no. 6, 2025, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.85776.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.85776"},{"key":"2311_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"F. Ju et al., \u201cOncolytic virus expressing PD- \u00ad inhibitors activates a collaborative intratumoral immune response to control tumor and synergizes with 3 blockade,\u201d J. Immunother. cancer, pp. 1\u201317, 2022, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jitc-2022-004762.","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-004762"},{"issue":"June","key":"2311_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtm.2020.01.001","volume":"17","author":"AL De Matos","year":"2020","unstructured":"De Matos AL, Franco LS, Mcfadden G. Oncolytic viruses and the immune system: the dynamic duo. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev. 2020;17(June):349\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.omtm.2020.01.001.","journal-title":"Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev"},{"issue":"20","key":"2311_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e39204","volume":"10","author":"I Al-obaidi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Al-obaidi I, Sandhu C, Qureshi B, Seymour LW. The implications of oncolytic viruses targeting fibroblasts in enhancing the antitumoural immune response. Heliyon. 2024;10(20):e39204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e39204.","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2311_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12672-026-04792-w","author":"A Zubair","year":"2026","unstructured":"Zubair A, Lazarou L, Alkahtani AM, Shahani MY, Afghan N. Enhancing antitumor immunity through oncolytic viruses: advances in genetic engineering. Discov Oncol. 2026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12672-026-04792-w.","journal-title":"Discov Oncol"},{"key":"2311_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. P. Kaur, B., Chiocca, E. A., & Cripe, \u201cOncolytic HSV-1 Virotherapy: Clinical Experience and Opportunities for Progress,\u201d Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol., vol. 13, no. 9, pp. 1842\u20131851, 2014.","DOI":"10.2174\/138920112800958814"},{"key":"2311_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.940019","volume":"July","author":"H Scanlan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Scanlan H, Coffman Z, Bettencourt J, Shipley T, Bramblett DE. Herpes simplex virus 1 as an oncolytic viral therapy for refractory cancers. Front Oncol. 2022;July:1\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2022.940019.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"2311_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1525940","author":"M Zhou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhou M, Shen Z. Advanced progress in the genetic modification of the oncolytic HSV-1 virus. Front Oncol. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2024.1525940.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2311_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI9744","volume":"105","author":"RL Martuza","year":"2000","unstructured":"Martuza RL. Conditionally replicating herpes vectors for cancer therapy. J Clin Invest. 2000;105(7):841\u20136.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"8","key":"2311_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2024.05.014.Safety","volume":"30","author":"AL Epstein","year":"2025","unstructured":"Epstein AL, Rabkin SD. Safety of Non-Replicative and Oncolytic Replication-Selective HSV Vectors. Trends Mol Med. 2025;30(8):781\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molmed.2024.05.014.Safety.","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"2311_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mtc.2002.122297","author":"JS Zager","year":"2002","unstructured":"Zager JS, Delman KA, Weigel TL, Rusch VW. Replication-competent herpes virus NV1020 as direct treatment of pleural cancer in a rat model. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1067\/mtc.2002.122297.","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"2311_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.neo.7900016","volume":"1","author":"A Chahlavi","year":"1999","unstructured":"Chahlavi A, Todo T, Martuza RL, Rabkin SD, Dc W. Replication-competent herpes simplex virus vector G207 and cisplatin combination therapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Neoplasia. 1999;1(2):162\u20139.","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"key":"2311_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/onco5010001","author":"AY Mochizuki","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mochizuki AY, et al. Intratumoral \/ peritumoral herpes simplex virus-1 mutant HSV1716 in pediatric patients with refractory or recurrent high-grade gliomas\u202f: a report of the Pediatric Brain Tumor Consortium. Onco. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/onco5010001.","journal-title":"Onco"},{"key":"2311_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"T. Todo et al., \u201cIntratumoral oncolytic herpes virus G47\u2206 for residual or recurrent glioblastoma: a phase 2 trial,\u201d Nat. Med., vol. 28, no. August, 2022, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-022-01897-x.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01897-x"},{"key":"2311_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. B. Hajeri, N. S. Sharma, and M. Yamamoto, \u201cOncolytic Adenoviruses : Strategies for Improved Targeting and Specificity,\u201d Cancers (Basel)., pp. 1\u201327, 2020.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12061504"},{"key":"2311_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11101146","author":"EW Tan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tan EW, Abd-aziz N, Poh CL. Engineered oncolytic adenoviruses: an emerging approach for cancer therapy. Pathogens (Basel). 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens11101146.","journal-title":"Pathogens (Basel)"},{"key":"2311_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K. Wold, W. S., & Toth, \u201cAdenovirus Vectors for Gene Therapy, Vaccination and Cancer Gene Therapy,\u201d Curr Gene Ther., vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 421\u2013433, 2013.","DOI":"10.2174\/1566523213666131125095046"},{"key":"2311_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14194701","author":"B Oronsky","year":"2022","unstructured":"Oronsky B, Gastman B, Conley AP, Reid C, Caroen S, Reid T. Oncolytic adenoviruses: the cold war against cancer finally turns hot. Cancers (Basel). 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers14194701.","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"2311_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1729087","author":"J Yao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yao J, Shayakhmetov DM. Oncolytic adenoviruses in bladder and kidney cancers: emerging strategies and next frontiers. Front Microbiol. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1729087.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"June","key":"2311_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.772659","volume":"12","author":"ST Tseha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tseha ST, David J. Role of Adenoviruses in Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol. 2022;12(June):1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2022.772659.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"2311_CR106","first-page":"1","volume":"858","author":"M Stawowczyk","year":"2025","unstructured":"Stawowczyk M, Ye Y, Chen NG. Vaccinia Virus \u2014 A Swiss Army Knife Against Cancer. Cancers (Basel). 2025;858:1\u201341.","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"2311_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14712598.2020.1757066","author":"A Pelin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pelin A, Boulton S, Tamming LA, Bell JC. Engineering vaccinia virus as an immunotherapeutic battleship to overcome tumor heterogeneity. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14712598.2020.1757066.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Biol Ther"},{"key":"2311_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"L. Xu, H. Sun, N. R. Lemoine, Y. Xuan, and P. Wang, \u201cOncolytic vaccinia virus and cancer immunotherapy,\u201d Front. Immunol., vol. 1, no. January, 2024, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1324744.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1324744"},{"issue":"25","key":"2311_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40533","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.17125","volume":"8","author":"L Deng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Deng L, et al. Oncolytic efficacy of thymidine kinase-deleted vaccinia virus. Oncotarget. 2017;8(25):40533\u201343.","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"2311_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000533650","author":"GK Abou-alfa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abou-alfa GK, Galle R, Chao Y. PHOCUS: a phase 3, randomized, open-label study of sequential treatment with Pexa-Vec (JX-594) and sorafenib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Cancer. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000533650.","journal-title":"Liver Cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"2311_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2014.243","volume":"23","author":"TP Cripe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cripe TP, et al. Phase 1 study of intratumoral Pexa-Vec ( JX-594), an oncolytic and immunotherapeutic vaccinia virus, in pediatric cancer patients. Mol Ther. 2015;23(3):602\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/mt.2014.243.","journal-title":"Mol Ther"},{"key":"2311_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1656984","author":"J Foloppe","year":"2025","unstructured":"Foloppe J, et al. TG6002 oncolytic vaccinia virus and chemotherapy synergy: a promising strategy for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Front Microbiol. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1656984.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2311_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.5662\/wjm.v6.i1.25","volume":"6","author":"J Gong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gong J, Sachdev E, Mita AC, Mita MM. Clinical development of reovirus for cancer therapy: an oncolytic virus with immune-mediated antitumor activity. World J Methodol. 2016;6(1):25\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5662\/wjm.v6.i1.25.","journal-title":"World J Methodol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2311_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4146","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-02-0503","volume":"100","author":"T Alain","year":"2002","unstructured":"Alain T, et al. Reovirus therapy of lymphoid malignancies. Neoplasia. 2002;100(12):4146\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2002-02-0503.","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"issue":"12","key":"2311_CR115","first-page":"14176","volume":"13","author":"SY Kim","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim SY, Maitra R, Goel S. Multimodal immune activation abilities and characteristics of reovirus. Am J Transl Res. 2021;13(12):14176\u201385.","journal-title":"Am J Transl Res"},{"key":"2311_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2025.101995","author":"T,N Sharifi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sharifi T N, Emamie A, Rafiee N, Pashangzadeh S, Walia E, Martin NT, et al. Reovirus oncolysis and the next frontiers for this unique oncoviral immunotherapy. Semin Immunol. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smim.2025.101995.","journal-title":"Semin Immunol"},{"key":"2311_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1545542","volume":"February","author":"P Du","year":"2025","unstructured":"Du P, Na W, Zhong J, Zhang L. Advances in preclinical and clinical studies of oncolytic virus combination therapy. Front Oncol. 2025;February:1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2025.1545542.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"2311_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12051295","author":"M Sato-dahlman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sato-dahlman M, Larocca CJ, Yanagiba C, Yamamoto M. Adenovirus and immunotherapy: advancing cancer treatment by combination. Cancers (Basel). 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers12051295.","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"2311_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"O. V Matveeva, Z. S. Guo, V. M. Senin, A. V Senina, S. A. Shabalina, and P. M. Chumakov, \u201cOncolysis by paramyxoviruses : preclinical and clinical studies,\u201d Mol. Ther. oncolytics, no. August, pp. 1\u201314, 2015, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/mto.2015.17.","DOI":"10.1038\/mto.2015.17"},{"key":"2311_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12071497","author":"KA Zaher","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zaher KA, Alrahimi JS, Basingab FS. Newcastle disease virus virotherapy: unveiling oncolytic efficacy and immunomodulation. Biomedicines. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines12071497.","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"2311_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"E. Msaouel, P., Iankov, I. D., Dispenzieri, A., & Galanis, \u201cAttenuated oncolytic Measles Virus strains as cancer therapeutics,\u201d Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol., vol. 13, no. 9, pp. 1732\u20131741, 2013.","DOI":"10.2174\/138920112800958896"},{"key":"2311_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biology2020587","author":"J Guillerme","year":"2013","unstructured":"Guillerme J, Gregoire M. Antitumor virotherapy by attenuated measles virus (MV). Biology. 2013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology2020587.","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"2311_CR123","unstructured":"E. Msaouel, P., Dispenzieri, A., & Galanis, \u201cClinical testing of engineered oncolytic measles virus strains in the treatment of cancer: An overview,\u201d Curr. Opin. Mol. Ther., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 43\u201353, 2009."},{"key":"2311_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1735440","volume":"December","author":"J Sun","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sun J, Wang J, Xiao M, Chen L. Research progress on recombinant NDV in cancer therapy. Front Immunol. 2025;December:1\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1735440.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2311_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B. Burman, G. Pesci, and D. Zamarin, \u201cNewcastle Disease Virus at the Forefront of Cancer Immunotherapy,\u201d Cancers (Basel)., pp. 1\u201315, 2020.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12123552"},{"key":"2311_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J. R. Jing, Y., Bejarano, M. T., Zaias, J., & Merchan, \u201cIn vivo antimetastatic effects of uPAR retargeted measles virus in syngeneic and xenograft models of mammary cancer,\u201d Breast Cancer Res. Treat., vol. 149, no. 1, pp. 99\u2013108, 2015, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10549-014-3236-8.In.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-014-3236-8.In"},{"issue":"3","key":"2311_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1080\/14712598.2017.1288713.Potential","volume":"17","author":"S Robinson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Robinson S, Galanis E, Clinic M. Potential and clinical translation of oncolytic measles viruses. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2018;17(3):353\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14712598.2017.1288713.Potential.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Biol Ther"},{"key":"2311_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26146879","author":"J Wu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wu J, et al. Strategic advances in targeted delivery carriers for therapeutic cancer vaccines. Int J Mol Sci. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26146879.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2311_CR129","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"O Hemminki","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hemminki O, Manuel J, Hemminki A. Oncolytic viruses for cancer immunotherapy. J Hematol Oncol. 2020;1:1\u201315.","journal-title":"J Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"2311_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl-2016-0129","volume":"12","author":"J Maroun","year":"2017","unstructured":"Maroun J, Mu\u00f1oz-al\u00eda M, Ammayappan A, Schulze A, Peng K, Russell S. Designing and building oncolytic viruses. Future Virol. 2017;12:193\u2013213.","journal-title":"Future Virol"},{"issue":"February","key":"2311_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2022.834841","volume":"9","author":"HL Kaufman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kaufman HL, Shalhout SZ, Iodice G. Talimogene laherparepvec\u202f: moving from first-in-class to best-in-class. Front Mol Biosci. 2022;9(February):1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmolb.2022.834841.","journal-title":"Front Mol Biosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"2311_CR132","first-page":"13","volume":"2","author":"M Arellano","year":"2008","unstructured":"Arellano M. Clinical uses of GM-CSF, a critical appraisal and update. Biologics. 2008;2(1):13\u201327.","journal-title":"Biologics"},{"key":"2311_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13040882","author":"W Yan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yan W, et al. Oncolytic vaccinia virus armed with GM-CSF and IL-7 enhances antitumor immunity in pancreatic cancer. Biomedicines. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines13040882.","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"2311_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Y. Xuan et al., \u201cGM-CSF and IL-21-armed oncolytic vaccinia virus signi fi cantly enhances anti- tumor activity and synergizes with anti-PD1 immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer,\u201d Front. Immunol., no. January, pp. 1\u201315, 2025, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1506632.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1506632"},{"key":"2311_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J. Ajina, A., & Maher, \u201cProspects for combined use of oncolytic viruses and CAR T-cells,\u201d J. Immunother. cancer, pp. 1\u201327, 2017, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40425-017-0294-6.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40425-017-0294-6"},{"issue":"2","key":"2311_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omton.2025.201005","volume":"33","author":"L Leparc","year":"2025","unstructured":"Leparc L, Wakimoto H. Engineered retargeting to overcome systemic delivery challenges in oncolytic adenoviral therapy. Mol Ther Oncolytics. 2025;33(2):201005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.omton.2025.201005.","journal-title":"Mol Ther Oncolytics"},{"key":"2311_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.07.004","volume":"237","author":"L Alfonso","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alfonso L, et al. Albumin-binding adenoviruses circumvent pre-existing neutralizing antibodies upon systemic delivery. J Control Release. 2016;237:78\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.07.004.","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"2311_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17111492","author":"T Egorova","year":"2025","unstructured":"Egorova T, Starikova A. Emerging technologies tackling adeno-associated viruses (AAV) immunogenicity in gene therapy applications. Pharmaceutics. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics17111492.","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"2311_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2025.113822","author":"N Ma","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ma N, Gao J, Pang X, Wu K, Yang S, Wei H. Formulation-optimized oncolytic viruses: advancing systemic delivery and immune amplification. J Control Release. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jconrel.2025.113822.","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"2311_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/OV.S145262","author":"R Oklu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Oklu R, Zhou Y, Egan JB, Duda DG, Borad MJ. Oncolytic virus delivery: from nano- pharmacodynamics to enhanced oncolytic effect. Oncolytic Virother. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/OV.S145262.","journal-title":"Oncolytic Virother"},{"key":"2311_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"X. Zhang, J. He, and Y. Shao, \u201cResearch progress and development potential of oncolytic vaccinia virus,\u201d Chin. Med. J. (Engl)., vol. 0, no. 7, 2025.","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000003585"},{"key":"2311_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13061383","volume":"13","author":"PF Ferrucci","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ferrucci PF, Pala L, Conforti F, Cocorocchio E. Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC): an intralesional cancer immunotherapy for advanced melanoma. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13:1\u201314.","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"2311_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12031098","author":"T Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang T, et al. Talimogene Laherparepvec (T-VEC): a review of the recent advances in cancer therapy. J Clin Med. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12031098.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"2311_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.2217\/mmt-2016-0021","volume":"3","author":"CO Donoghue","year":"2016","unstructured":"Donoghue CO, Doepker MP, Zager JS. Talimogene laherparepvec: overview, combination therapy and current practices. Melanoma Manag. 2016;3:267\u201372.","journal-title":"Melanoma Manag"},{"issue":"22","key":"2311_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6737","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-06-0759","volume":"12","author":"JCC Hu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hu JCC, et al. A phase I study of OncoVEXGM-CSF, a second-generation oncolytic herpes simplex virus expressing granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12(22):6737\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-06-0759.","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"key":"2311_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12123514","author":"MS Koch","year":"2020","unstructured":"Koch MS, Lawler SE, Chiocca EA. HSV-1 oncolytic viruses from bench to bedside: an overview of current clinical trials. Cancers (Basel). 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cancers12123514.","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"2311_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M. I. Dummer, R., Gyorki, D. E., Hyngstrom, J., Berger, A., Conry, R., Demidov, L., Sharma, A., Treichel, S. A., Gorski, K., Anderson, A., Faries, M., & Ross, \u201cPrimary 2-year (yr) results of a phase II, multicenter, randomized, open-label trial of efficacy and safety for talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) neoadjuvant (neo) treatment (tx) plus surgery (surg) vs surg in patients (pts) with resectable stage IIIB-IVM1,\u201d Ann. Oncol., vol. 30, 2019, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/annonc\/mdz394.063.","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdz394.063"},{"key":"2311_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J. An et al., \u201cSingle-cell analysis of oncolytic virotherapy in adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma,\u201d J. Immunother. cancer, pp. 1\u20136, 2025, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jitc-2024-011265.","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2024-011265"},{"key":"2311_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2162402X.2015.1115641","author":"J Pol","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pol J, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. First oncolytic virus approved for melanoma immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/2162402X.2015.1115641.","journal-title":"Oncoimmunology"},{"issue":"22","key":"2311_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6737","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-06-0759","volume":"5","author":"JCC Hu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hu JCC, et al. Cancer Therapy\u202f: Clinical A Phase I Study of OncoVEX GM-CSF, a Second-Generation Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus Expressing Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor. Cancer Ther Clin. 2006;5(22):6737\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-06-0759.","journal-title":"Cancer Ther Clin"},{"issue":"34","key":"2311_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5763","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.24.3675","volume":"27","author":"NN Senzer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Senzer NN, et al. Phase II clinical trial of a granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor \u2013 encoding, second-generation oncolytic herpesvirus in patients with unresectable metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 2015;27(34):5763\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.2009.24.3675.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2311_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-009-0809-6","volume":"50","author":"HL Kaufman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kaufman HL, Kim DW, Deraffele G, Mitcham J, Coffin RS, Kim-schulze S. Local and distant immunity induced by intralesional vaccination with an oncolytic herpes virus encoding GM-CSF in patients with stage IIIc and IV melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol. 2010;50:718\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1245\/s10434-009-0809-6.","journal-title":"Ann Surg Oncol"},{"key":"2311_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fon.10.66","author":"HL Kaufman","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kaufman HL, Bines SD. OPTIM trial: a phase III trial of an oncolytic herpes virus encoding GM-CSF for unresectable stage III or IV melanoma. Future Oncol. 2010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2217\/fon.10.66.","journal-title":"Future Oncol"},{"issue":"25","key":"2311_CR154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2780","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2014.58.3377","volume":"33","author":"RHI Andtbacka","year":"2015","unstructured":"Andtbacka RHI, et al. Talimogene laherparepvec improves durable response rate in patients with advanced melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33(25):2780\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.2014.58.3377.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2311_CR155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J. M. Ressler et al., \u201cReal-life use of talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) in melanoma patients in centers in Austria, Switzerland and Germany,\u201d J. Immunother. cancer, pp. 1\u20139, 2021, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jitc-2020-001701.","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2020-001701"},{"key":"2311_CR156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M. M. Yamada et al., \u201cReal-world outcomes of talimogene laherparepvec as salvage therapy for advanced melanoma,\u201d J. Immunother. cancer, pp. 1\u20139, 2025, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jitc-2025-013564.","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2025-013564"},{"key":"2311_CR157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M. Robilotti, E., & Kamboj, \u201cInfections in Patients Receiving TVEC Therapy,\u201d Open Forum Infect. Dis., vol. 6, 2019, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofz360.1976.","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz360.1976"},{"key":"2311_CR158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"C. Y. Bayan et al., \u201cThe Role of Oncolytic Viruses in the Treatment of Melanoma,\u201d Curr. Oncol. Rep., vol. 20, no. 10, 2019, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11912-018-0729-3.The.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11912-018-0729-3.The"},{"issue":"December","key":"2311_CR159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1097\/CMR.0000000000000180","volume":"25","author":"S Doni","year":"2011","unstructured":"Doni S, Str I, Proboka G, Jonsson B, Venskus D, Muceniece A. Adapted ECHO-7 virus Rigvir immunotherapy (oncolytic virotherapy) prolongs survival in melanoma patients after surgical excision of the tumour in a retrospective study. Melanoma Res. 2011;25(December):421\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/CMR.0000000000000180.","journal-title":"Melanoma Res"},{"issue":"August","key":"2311_CR160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.08.042","volume":"837","author":"P Alberts","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alberts P, Tilgase A, Rasa A, Venskus D. The advent of oncolytic virotherapy in oncology: the Rigvir \u00ae story. Eur J Pharmacol. 2018;837(August):117\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.08.042.","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"key":"2311_CR161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"K. Lundstrom and K. Lundstrom, \u201cNew frontiers in oncolytic viruses : optimizing and selecting for virus strains with improved efficacy New frontiers in oncolytic viruses : optimizing and selecting for virus strains with improved efficacy,\u201d Biol. Targets Ther., vol. 5475, 2018, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/BTT.S140114.","DOI":"10.2147\/BTT.S140114"},{"issue":"9","key":"2311_CR162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0995-938","volume":"1","author":"RLMT Mineta","year":"1995","unstructured":"Mineta RLMT, Rabkin SD, Yazaki T, Hunter WD. Attenuated multi\u2013mutated herpes simplex virus\u20131 for the treatment of malignant gliomas. Nat Med. 1995;1(9):938\u201343.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"2311_CR163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6396","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.101136398","volume":"98","author":"T Todo","year":"2001","unstructured":"Todo T, Martuza RL, Rabkin SD, Johnson PA. Oncolytic herpes simplex virus vector with enhanced MHC class I presentation and tumor cell killing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001;98(11):6396\u2013401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.101136398.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"1","key":"2311_CR164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1142\/S1568558610000185","volume":"5","author":"Y Ino","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ino Y, Todo T. Clinical development of a third-generation oncolytic HSV-1 (G47\u2206) for malignant glioma. Gene Ther Regul. 2010;5(1):101\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1142\/S1568558610000185.","journal-title":"Gene Ther Regul"},{"key":"2311_CR165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.13027","author":"H Fukuhara","year":"2016","unstructured":"Fukuhara H, Ino Y, Todo T. Oncolytic virus therapy: a new era of cancer treatment at dawn. Cancer Sci. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cas.13027.","journal-title":"Cancer Sci"},{"key":"2311_CR166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S. Taguchi, H. Fukuhara, and T. Todo, \u201cOncolytic virus therapy in Japan: progress in clinical trials and future perspectives,\u201d Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol., pp. 1\u20139, 2018, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jjco\/hyy170.","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hyy170"},{"issue":"12","key":"2311_CR167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3801","DOI":"10.32604\/or.2025.067824","volume":"33","author":"Y Feng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Feng Y, et al. Immune checkpoint inhibitors combined with oncolytic virotherapy: synergy, heterogeneity, and safety in cancer treatment. Oncol Res. 2025;33(12):3801\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32604\/or.2025.067824.","journal-title":"Oncol Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"2311_CR168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2022-006270","volume":"11","author":"JA Chesney","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chesney JA, et al. Talimogene laherparepvec in combination with ipilimumab versus ipilimumab alone for advanced melanoma\u202f: 5- \u00ad year final analysis of a phase II trial. J Immunother cancer. 2023;11(5):1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jitc-2022-006270.","journal-title":"J Immunother cancer"},{"issue":"3","key":"2311_CR169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.22.00343","volume":"41","author":"JA Chesney","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chesney JA, Ribas A, Long GV, Kirkwood JM, Dummer R. Placebo-controlled, global phase III trial of talimogene laherparepvec combined with pembrolizumab for advanced melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 2023;41(3):528\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.22.00343.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2311_CR170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. H.-L. et Al, \u201cAbstract 3275: Combination of talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) with pembrolizumab (pembro) in advanced melanoma patients following progression on a prior PD-1 inhibitor: SWOG S1607,\u201d Cancer Res., vol. 83, no. 7, 2023.","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.AM2023-3275"},{"key":"2311_CR171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9546","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2023.41.16","volume":"11","author":"LP Zijlker","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zijlker LP, et al. Neoadjuvant T-VEC + nivolumab combination therapy for resectable early metastatic ( stage IIIB \/ C \/ D-IV M1a ) melanoma with injectable disease\u202f: NIVEC trial. J Clin Oncol. 2023;11:9546. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.2023.41.16.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"2311_CR172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V. M. Neil and S. W. Lee, \u201cAdvancing Cancer Treatment: A Review of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Combination Strategies,\u201d Cancers (Basel)., pp. 1\u201332, 2025.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17091408"},{"issue":"August","key":"2311_CR173","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1158\/2767-9764.CRC-23-0145","volume":"3","author":"VP Nguyen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nguyen VP, et al. A pilot study of neoadjuvant nivolumab, ipilimumab, and intralesional oncolytic virotherapy for HER2-negative breast cancer. Cancer Res Commun. 2023;3(August):1628\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/2767-9764.CRC-23-0145.","journal-title":"Cancer Res Commun"},{"key":"2311_CR174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Z. Qian, Q. Gao, and W. Zhang, \u201cCombination of oncolytic viruses and immune checkpoint inhibitors for treatment of high-grade gliomas,\u201d Front. Neurol., no. February, 2026, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2026.1683726.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2026.1683726"},{"key":"2311_CR175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"C. M. Kelly et al., \u201cA phase II study of talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) and pembrolizumab in patients with advanced sarcoma: Results of expansion cohorts.,\u201d J. Clin. Oncol., vol. 41, no. 16_suppl, p. 11570, 2023, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.2023.41.16_suppl.11570.","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2023.41.16_suppl.11570"},{"issue":"1","key":"2311_CR176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-025-00726-w","volume":"13","author":"F Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen F, et al. SMAC-armed oncolytic virotherapy enhances the anticancer activity of PD1 blockade by modulating PANoptosis. Biomark Res. 2025;13(1):8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40364-025-00726-w.","journal-title":"Biomark Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2311_CR177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031754","volume":"23","author":"N El-Sayes","year":"2022","unstructured":"El-Sayes N, Vito A, Salem O, Workenhe ST, Wan Y, Mossman K. A combination of chemotherapy and oncolytic virotherapy sensitizes colorectal adenocarcinoma to immune checkpoint inhibitors in a cDC1-dependent manner. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(3):1754. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23031754.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"16_suppl","key":"2311_CR178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2023.41.16_suppl.1091","volume":"41","author":"LA Huppert","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huppert LA, et al. Phase Ib study of talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) in combination with chemotherapy (CT) or endocrine therapy (ET) in patients with metastatic, unresectable, or locoregionally recurrent HER2-negative breast cancer (BC). J Clin Oncol. 2023;41(16_suppl):1091. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1200\/JCO.2023.41.16_suppl.1091.","journal-title":"J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2311_CR179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-003119","volume":"9","author":"V Monga","year":"2021","unstructured":"Monga V, et al. Intratumoral talimogene laherparepvec injection with concurrent preoperative radiation in patients with locally advanced soft-tissue sarcoma of the trunk and extremities: phase IB\/II trial. J Immunother Cancer. 2021;9(7):e003119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jitc-2021-003119.","journal-title":"J Immunother Cancer"},{"key":"2311_CR180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"E. Ponterio, T. L. Haas, and R. De Maria, \u201cOncolytic virus and CAR-T cell therapy in solid tumors,\u201d Front. Immunol., vol. 15, 2024, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1455163.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1455163"},{"key":"2311_CR181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Y. Liu et al., \u201cOncolytic herpes simplex virus delivery of dual CAR targets of CD19 and BCMA as well as immunomodulators to enhance therapeutic efficacy in solid tumors combined with CAR T cell therapy,\u201d Front. Oncol., vol. 12, 2022, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2022.1037934.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.1037934"},{"key":"2311_CR182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Y. Zheng et al., \u201cAbstract 5072: \u2018Armed\u2019 oncolytic herpes simplex virus enables CD19 CAR-T for solid tumor cell treatment as a combination therapy,\u201d Cancer Res., vol. 83, no. 7_Supplement, p. 5072, 2023, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1538-7445.AM2023-5072.","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.AM2023-5072"},{"key":"2311_CR183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S. Jin et al., \u201cOncolytic Therapy: Delivery System and New Therapeutic Strategies for Cancer,\u201d MedComm, vol. 7, no. 4, 2026, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mco2.70725.","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70725"},{"issue":"15","key":"2311_CR184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5452","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.87498","volume":"13","author":"Y Liang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liang Y, et al. Systemic delivery of glycosylated-PEG-masked oncolytic virus enhances targeting of antitumor immuno-virotherapy and modulates T and NK cell infiltration. Theranostics. 2023;13(15):5452\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7150\/thno.87498.","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"2311_CR185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2025.101345","volume":"85","author":"X Wang","year":"2026","unstructured":"Wang X, et al. Overcoming resistance in oncolytic virotherapy: Nano-engineered solutions for systemic delivery and efficacy boost. Drug Resist Updat. 2026;85:101345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drup.2025.101345.","journal-title":"Drug Resist Updat"},{"key":"2311_CR186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152605","volume":"782","author":"J Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang J, et al. IRF7 drives resistance to oncolytic virotherapy by restricting viral replication and suppressing antitumor immunity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2025;782:152605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbrc.2025.152605.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"Supplement_2","key":"2311_CR187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S787","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofz360.1976","volume":"6","author":"E Robilotti","year":"2019","unstructured":"Robilotti E, Kamboj M. 2298. Infections in patients receiving TVEC therapy. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2019;6(Supplement_2):S787\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ofid\/ofz360.1976.","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2311_CR188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-78313-6","volume":"14","author":"A Larrieux","year":"2024","unstructured":"Larrieux A, Sanju\u00e1n R. Murine colon cancer derived cells exhibit heterogeneous resistance profiles against an oncolytic virus. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):27209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-78313-6.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"2311_CR189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.3390\/v13061019","volume":"13","author":"M Neulinger-Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Neulinger-Mu\u00f1oz M, et al. Human retrotransposons and the global shutdown of homeostatic innate immunity by oncolytic parvovirus H-1PV in pancreatic cancer. Viruses. 2021;13(6):1019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v13061019.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"11","key":"2311_CR190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3335","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.28530","volume":"120","author":"S G\u00f6bel","year":"2023","unstructured":"G\u00f6bel S, et al. Characterization of a quail suspension cell line for production of a fusogenic oncolytic virus. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2023;120(11):3335\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bit.28530.","journal-title":"Biotechnol Bioeng"},{"issue":"R1","key":"2311_CR191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R42","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddv451","volume":"25","author":"JCM van der Loo","year":"2016","unstructured":"van der Loo JCM, Wright JF. Progress and challenges in viral vector manufacturing. Hum Mol Genet. 2016;25(R1):R42\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/hmg\/ddv451.","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"2311_CR192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J.-W. Wang, Q. Feng, J.-H. Liu, and J.-J. Xun, \u201cOpportunities, challenges, and future perspectives of oncolytic virus therapy for malignant melanoma,\u201d Front. Immunol., vol. 16, 2025, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1653683.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1653683"},{"issue":"1","key":"2311_CR193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02343-3","volume":"11","author":"D Xiao","year":"2026","unstructured":"Xiao D, Zhang H, Liu Y, Li Y, Li G, Ning Y. Oncolytic viruses: advanced strategies in cancer therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2026;11(1):45. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41392-025-02343-3.","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"2311_CR194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.102285","author":"EC Fretwell","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fretwell EC, Houldsworth A. Oncolytic virus therapy in a new era of immunotherapy, enhanced by combination with existing anticancer therapies: turn up the heat! J Cancer. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7150\/jca.102285.","journal-title":"J Cancer"},{"key":"2311_CR195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v15081645","author":"P Muthukutty","year":"2023","unstructured":"Muthukutty P, Yoo SY. Oncolytic virus engineering and utilizations: cancer immunotherapy perspective. Viruses. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v15081645.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2311_CR196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"T. Azad et al., \u201cSynthetic virology approaches to improve the safety and ef fi cacy of oncolytic virus therapies,\u201d Nat. Commun., pp. 1\u201318, 2023, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-023-38651-x.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38651-x"},{"issue":"6","key":"2311_CR197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.11.002","volume":"40","author":"H Xiao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xiao H, et al. Oncolytic HSV-1 expressing GM-CSF and IL-12 enhances anti-tumor efficacy in immunocompetent murine melanoma model. Virol Sin. 2025;40(6):977\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virs.2025.11.002.","journal-title":"Virol Sin"},{"key":"2311_CR198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Z. Wang, P. Sun, Z. Li, and S. Xiao, \u201cClinical Advances and Future Directions of Oncolytic Virotherapy for Head and Neck Cancer,\u201d Cancers (Basel)., pp. 1\u201314, 2023.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15215291"},{"issue":"April","key":"2311_CR199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.00475","volume":"10","author":"L Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li L, Liu S, Han D, Tang B, Ma J. Delivery and biosafety of oncolytic virotherapy. Front Oncol. 2020;10(April):1\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fonc.2020.00475.","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"2311_CR200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"F. Prestwich, R. J., Harrington, K. J., Pandha, H. S., Vile, R. G., Melcher, A. A., & Errington, \u201cOncolytic viruses : a novel form of immunotherapy,\u201d Expert Rev. Anticancer Ther., vol. 8, no. 10, pp. 1581\u20131588, 2009, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1586\/14737140.8.10.1581.Oncolytic.","DOI":"10.1586\/14737140.8.10.1581.Oncolytic"},{"key":"2311_CR201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines13101070","author":"M El-tanani","year":"2025","unstructured":"El-tanani M, Rabbani SA, Patni MA, Babiker R. Efficacy, safety and predictive biomarkers of oncolytic virus therapy in solid tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Vaccines (Basel). 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/vaccines13101070.","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"2311_CR202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1618751","author":"TO Omolekan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Omolekan TO, et al. Viral warfare: unleashing engineered oncolytic viruses to outsmart cancer\u2019s defenses. Front Immunol. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1618751.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2311_CR203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"H. Singh, I. Mijakovic, P. Singh, and C. De Marco, \u201cAdvances in precision oncology using patient-derived organoids and functional biomaterials,\u201d Front. cell Dev. Biol., no. September, pp. 1\u201328, 2025, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcell.2025.1670328.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2025.1670328"},{"key":"2311_CR204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01419-2","author":"Y Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu Y, Wu W, Cai C, Zhang H, Shen H, Han Y. Patient-derived xenograft models in cancer therapy: technologies and applications. Sig Transduct Target Ther. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41392-023-01419-2.","journal-title":"Sig Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"2311_CR205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242417378","author":"L Menotti","year":"2023","unstructured":"Menotti L, Vannini A. Oncolytic viruses in the era of omics, computational technologies, and modeling: thesis, antithesis, and synthesis. Int J Mol Sci. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms242417378.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"10509","key":"2311_CR206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)01206-1","volume":"406","author":"E Appleton","year":"2025","unstructured":"Appleton E, Chiocca EA, Ungerechts G, Melcher A, Vile R. Oncolytic viruses as anticancer agents: clinical progress and remaining challenges. Lancet. 2025;406(10509):1295\u2013312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)01206-1.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2311_CR207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Y. R. Murciano-goroff, A. B. Warner, and J. D. Wolchok, \u201cThe future of cancer immunotherapy : microenvironment- targeting combinations,\u201d Cell Res., no. May, 2020, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41422-020-0337-2.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0337-2"},{"key":"2311_CR208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v2010078","author":"HH Wong","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wong HH, Lemoine NR, Wang Y. Oncolytic viruses for cancer therapy: overcoming the obstacles. Viruses. 2010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v2010078.","journal-title":"Viruses"}],"container-title":["Clinical and Experimental Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10238-026-02311-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10238-026-02311-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10238-026-02311-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T12:56:26Z","timestamp":1792155386000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10238-026-02311-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]},"references-count":208,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2311"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10238-026-02311-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1591-9528"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1591-9528","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 July 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing Interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"358"}}