{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T22:05:56Z","timestamp":1791237956061,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750982400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Odontology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-025-01136-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T15:33:05Z","timestamp":1751038385000},"page":"589-601","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Enamel demineralization and remineralization pH cycling models in vitro: a SEM\u2013EDX and FTIR study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"114","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6523-0742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imane","family":"El Ouarti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"EL Mosptapha","family":"Lotfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Ben Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdelaziz","family":"Bouklouze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faiza","family":"Abdallaoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"1136_CR1","first-page":"105","volume":"19","author":"AB Mann","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mann AB, Dickinson ME. Nanomechanics, chemistry and structure at the enamel surface. Monogr Oral Sci. 2006;19:105\u201331.","journal-title":"Monogr Oral Sci"},{"key":"1136_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2015.12.007","volume":"52","author":"O Duverger","year":"2016","unstructured":"Duverger O, Beniash E, Morasso MI. Keratins as components of the enamel organic matrix. Matrix Biol. 2016;52:260\u20135.","journal-title":"Matrix Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1136_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-6090(95)05847-8","volume":"264","author":"O Sollb\u00f6hmer","year":"1995","unstructured":"Sollb\u00f6hmer O, May KP, Anders M. Force microscopical investigation of human teeth in liquids. Thin Solid Films. 1995;264(2):176\u201383.","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"issue":"3","key":"1136_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1159\/000077753","volume":"38","author":"O Fejerskov","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fejerskov O. Changing paradigms in concepts on dental caries: consequences for oral health care. Caries Res. 2004;38(3):182\u201391.","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"1136_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1006\/jcis.1997.4942","volume":"191","author":"SV Dorozhkin","year":"1997","unstructured":"Dorozhkin SV. Surface reactions of apatite dissolution. J Colloid Interface Sci. 1997;191(2):489\u201397.","journal-title":"J Colloid Interface Sci"},{"key":"1136_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1159\/000419238","volume":"15","author":"RZ Le Geros","year":"1991","unstructured":"Le Geros RZ. Calcium phosphates in oral biology and medicine. Monogr Oral Sci. 1991;15:108\u201329.","journal-title":"Monogr Oral Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"1136_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1177\/10454411910020030101","volume":"2","author":"JM Ten Cate","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ten Cate JM, Featherstone JD. Mechanistic aspects of the interactions between fluoride and dental enamel. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 1991;2(3):283\u201396.","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oral Biol Med"},{"key":"1136_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9012-2_34","volume":"1922","author":"BT Amaechi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Amaechi BT. Protocols to study dental caries in vitro: pH cycling models. Methods Mol Biol. 2019;1922:379\u201392.","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"1136_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1177\/002203459207100S19","volume":"71","author":"DJ White","year":"1992","unstructured":"White DJ. The comparative sensitivity of intra-oral, in vitro, and animal models in the \u2018profile\u2019evaluation of topical fluorides. J Dent Res. 1992;71:884\u201394.","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"1136_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6747498","volume":"2020","author":"A Scribante","year":"2020","unstructured":"Scribante A, DermenakiFarahani MR, Marino G, Matera C, Rodriguez Y, Baena R, Lanteri V, Butera A. Biomimetic effect of nano-hydroxyapatite in demineralized enamel before orthodontic bonding of brackets and attachments: visual, adhesion strength, and hardness in in vitro tests. Biomed Res Int. 2020;2020:1\u20139.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"12","key":"1136_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2977","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.23857","volume":"84","author":"OM Akgun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Akgun OM, Haman Bayari S, Ide S, Guven Polat G, Yildirim C, Orujalipoor I. Evaluation of the protective effect on enamel demineralization of CPP-ACP paste and ROCS by vibrational spectroscopy and SAXS: an in vitro study. Microsc Res Tech. 2021;84(12):2977\u201387.","journal-title":"Microsc Res Tech"},{"issue":"3","key":"1136_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.2008.00064.x","volume":"53","author":"JD Featherstone","year":"2008","unstructured":"Featherstone JD. Dental caries: a dynamic disease process. Aust Dent J. 2008;53(3):286\u201391.","journal-title":"Aust Dent J"},{"issue":"5","key":"1136_CR13","first-page":"322","volume":"24","author":"GK Stookey","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stookey GK, Featherstone JD, Rapozo-Hilo M, Schemehorn BR, Williams RA, Baker RA, Barker ML, Kaminski MA, McQueen CM, Amburgey JS, Casey K, Faller RV. The Featherstone laboratory pH cycling model: a prospective, multi-site validation exercise. Am J Dent. 2011;24(5):322.","journal-title":"Am J Dent"},{"key":"1136_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1177\/002203459207100S27","volume":"71","author":"J Arends","year":"1992","unstructured":"Arends J, Ten Bosch JJ. Demineralization and remineralization evaluation techniques. J Dent Res. 1992;71:924\u20138.","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"1136_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345900690S121","volume":"69","author":"JD Featherstone","year":"1990","unstructured":"Featherstone JD, Glena R, Shariati M, Shields CP. Dependence of in vitro demineralization of apatite and remineralization of dental enamel on fluoride concentration. J Dent Res. 1990;69:620\u20135.","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"1136_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-015-1436-1","volume":"19","author":"F Lippert","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lippert F, Juthani K. Fluoride dose-response of human and bovine enamel artificial caries lesions under pH-cycling conditions. Clin Oral Invest. 2015;19:1947\u201354.","journal-title":"Clin Oral Invest"},{"issue":"4","key":"1136_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1159\/000356308","volume":"48","author":"MM Manarelli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Manarelli MM, Delbem AC, Lima TM, Castilho FC, Pessan JP. In vitro remineralizing effect of fluoride varnishes containing sodium trimetaphosphate. Caries Res. 2014;48(4):299\u2013305.","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"1136_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1159\/000218094","volume":"43","author":"MH Spiguel","year":"2009","unstructured":"Spiguel MH, Tovo MF, Kramer PF, Franco KS, Alves KM, Delbem AC. Evaluation of laser fluorescence in the monitoring of the initial stage of the de-\/remineralization process: an in vitro and in situ study. Caries Res. 2009;43(4):302\u20137.","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"1136_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9969(03)00095-5","volume":"48","author":"AI Issa","year":"2003","unstructured":"Issa AI, Preston KP, Preston AJ, Toumba KJ, Duggal MS. A study investigating the formation of artificial sub-surface enamel caries-like lesions in deciduous and permanent teeth in the presence and absence of fluoride. Arch Oral Biol. 2003;48(8):567\u201371.","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1136_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1159\/000260115","volume":"8","author":"A Groeneveld","year":"1974","unstructured":"Groeneveld A, Jongebloed W, Arends J. The mineral content of decalcified surface enamel. Caries Res. 1974;8(3):267\u201374.","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"key":"1136_CR21","first-page":"145","volume":"125","author":"LM Silverstone","year":"1968","unstructured":"Silverstone LM. The surface zone in caries and in caries-like lesions produced in vitro. Br Dent J. 1968;125:145\u201357.","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"issue":"5","key":"1136_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1159\/000260692","volume":"17","author":"JD Featherstone","year":"1983","unstructured":"Featherstone JD, ten Cate JM, Shariati M, Arends J. Comparison of artificial caries-like lesions by quantitative microradiography and microhardness profiles. Caries Res. 1983;17(5):385\u201391.","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1136_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1159\/000343164","volume":"47","author":"F Lippert","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lippert F, Butler A, Lynch RJ. Characteristics of methylcellulose acid gel lesions created in human and bovine enamel. Caries Res. 2013;47(1):50\u20135.","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"1136_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1159\/000095653","volume":"40","author":"RJ Lynch","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lynch RJ, Ten Cate JM. The effect of lesion characteristics at baseline on subsequent de-and remineralisation behaviour. Caries Res. 2006;40(6):530\u20135.","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"1136_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1159\/000505904","volume":"54","author":"R Al-Obaidi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Al-Obaidi R, Salehi H, Collart-Dutilleul PY, Jacquot B, Tassery H, Cuisinier FJG, Gergely C, Cloitre T. Relationship between changes in chemical composition of enamel subsurface lesions and the emitted nonlinear optical signals: an in vitro study. Caries Res. 2020;54(2):147\u201356.","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"1136_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1159\/000088189","volume":"39","author":"AE Vieira","year":"2005","unstructured":"Vieira AE, Delbem AC, Sassaki KT, Rodrigues E, Cury JA, Cunha RF. Fluoride dose response in pH-cycling models using bovine enamel. Caries Res. 2005;39(6):514\u201320.","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1136_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1177\/08959374950090032201","volume":"9","author":"D Cummins","year":"1995","unstructured":"Cummins D. Working group report 3: role of models in assessing new agents for caries prevention. Adv Dent Res. 1995;9(3):338\u20139.","journal-title":"Adv Dent Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1136_CR28","first-page":"2841","volume":"62","author":"M Scimeca","year":"2018","unstructured":"Scimeca M, Bischetti S, Lamsira HK, Bonfiglio R, Bonanno E. Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) microanalysis: a powerful tool in biomedical research and diagnosis. Eur J Histochem. 2018;62(1):2841.","journal-title":"Eur J Histochem"},{"issue":"12","key":"1136_CR29","first-page":"1120","volume":"11","author":"C Thimmaiah","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thimmaiah C, Shetty P, Shetty SB, Natarajan S, Thomas NA. Comparative analysis of the remineralization potential of CPP\u2013ACP with Fluoride, Tri-Calcium Phosphate and Nano Hydroxyapatite using SEM\/EDX\u2013An in vitro study. J Clin Exp Dent. 2019;11(12):1120\u20136.","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Dent"},{"key":"1136_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.05.127","volume":"79","author":"\u017d Miti\u0107","year":"2017","unstructured":"Miti\u0107 \u017d, Stoli\u0107 A, Stojanovi\u0107 S, Najman S, Ignjatovi\u0107 N, Nikoli\u0107 G, Trajanovi\u0107 M. Instrumental methods and techniques for structural and physicochemical characterization of biomaterials and bone tissue: a review. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2017;79:930\u201349.","journal-title":"Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl"},{"issue":"1","key":"1136_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49742-5","volume":"9","author":"KJ Scholz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Scholz KJ, Federlin M, Hiller KA, Ebensberger H, Ferstl G, Buchalla W. EDX-analysis of fluoride precipitation on human enamel. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):1\u201311.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1136_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.2174\/1874210601105010084","volume":"5","author":"J Eggerath","year":"2011","unstructured":"Eggerath J, Kremniczky T, Gaengler P, Arnold WH. EDX-element analysis of the in vitro effect of fluoride oral hygiene tablets on artificial caries lesion formation and remineralization in human enamel. Open Dent J. 2011;5:84\u20139.","journal-title":"Open Dent J"},{"issue":"9","key":"1136_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e05054","volume":"6","author":"SH Younis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Younis SH, Obeid RF, Ammar MM. Subsurface enamel remineralization by Lyophilized Moringa leaf extract loaded varnish. Heliyon. 2020;6(9): e05054.","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"9","key":"1136_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1080\/05704928.2018.1431923","volume":"53","author":"CCA Lopes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lopes CCA, Limirio PHJO, Novais VR, Dechichi P. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) application chemical characterization of enamel, dentin and bone. Appl Spectrosc Rev. 2018;53(9):747\u201369.","journal-title":"Appl Spectrosc Rev"},{"issue":"12","key":"1136_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30223","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms161226227","volume":"16","author":"Y Chen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chen Y, Zou C, Mastalerz M, Hu S, Gasaway C, Tao X. Applications of micro-fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in the geological sciences\u2014a review. Int J Mol Sci. 2015;16(12):30223\u201350.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1136_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1038\/ijos.2015.58","volume":"8","author":"IH Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim IH, Son JS, Min BK, Kim YK, Kim KH, Kwon TY. A simple, sensitive and non-destructive technique for characterizing bovine dental enamel erosion: attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Int J of Oral Sci. 2016;8(1):54\u201360.","journal-title":"Int J of Oral Sci"},{"key":"1136_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3352\/jeehp.2021.18.17","volume":"18","author":"H Kang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kang H. Sample size determination and power analysis using the G* Power software. J Educ Eval Health Prof. 2021;18:17.","journal-title":"J Educ Eval Health Prof"},{"issue":"3","key":"1136_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1159\/000084808","volume":"39","author":"AC Delbem","year":"2005","unstructured":"Delbem AC, Carvalho LP, Morihisa RK, Cury JA. Effect of rinsing with water immediately after APF gel application on enamel demineralization in situ. Caries Res. 2005;39(3):258\u201360.","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1136_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1590\/S1678-77572012000100017","volume":"20","author":"AC Delbem","year":"2012","unstructured":"Delbem AC, Bergamaschi M, Rodrigues E, Sassaki KT, Vieira AE, Missel EM. Anticaries effect of dentifrices with calcium citrate and sodium trimetaphosphate. J Appl Oral Sci. 2012;20(1):94\u20138.","journal-title":"J Appl Oral Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1136_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-64402008000100004","volume":"19","author":"CS Queiroz","year":"2008","unstructured":"Queiroz CS, Hara AT, Paes Leme AF, Cury JA. pH-cycling models to evaluate the effect of low fluoride dentifrice on enamel de-and remineralization. Braz Dent J. 2008;19(1):21\u20137.","journal-title":"Braz Dent J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1136_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1159\/000260140","volume":"9","author":"A Groeneveld","year":"1975","unstructured":"Groeneveld A, Arends J. Influence of pH and demineralization time on mineral content, thickness of surface layer and depth of artificial caries lesions. Caries Res. 1975;9(1):36\u201344.","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1136_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345860650010201","volume":"65","author":"J Arends","year":"1986","unstructured":"Arends J, Christoffersen J. Invited review article: the nature of early caries lesions in enamel. J Dent Res. 1986;65(1):2\u201311.","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"1136_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2019.104573","volume":"109","author":"S Arango-Santander","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arango-Santander S, Montoya C, Pelaez-Vargas A, Ossa EA. Chemical, structural and mechanical characterization of bovine enamel. Arch Oral Biol. 2020;109: 104573.","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1136_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2006.10.004","volume":"35","author":"T Bistey","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bistey T, Nagy IP, Sim\u00f3 A, Heged\u0171s C. In vitro FT-IR study of the effects of hydrogen peroxide on superficial tooth enamel. J Dent. 2007;35(4):325\u201330.","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"issue":"9","key":"1136_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2014.04.014","volume":"42","author":"NR Mohammed","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mohammed NR, Mneimne M, Hill RG, Al-Jawad M, Lynch RJ, Anderson P. Physical chemical effects of zinc on in vitro enamel demineralization. J Dent. 2014;42(9):1096\u2013104.","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"issue":"2","key":"1136_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2012.11.031","volume":"33","author":"HY Chung","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chung HY, Li CC. Microstructure and nanomechanical properties of enamel remineralized with asparagine\u2013serine\u2013serine peptide. Mater Sci and Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2013;33(2):969\u201373.","journal-title":"Mater Sci and Eng C Mater Biol Appl"},{"issue":"1","key":"1136_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1159\/000342432","volume":"47","author":"B Mohanty","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mohanty B, Dadlani D, Mahoney D, Mann AB. Characterizing and identifying incipient carious lesions in dental enamel using micro-Raman spectroscopy. Caries Res. 2013;47(1):27\u201333.","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"1136_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2007.02.007","volume":"52","author":"ME Dickinson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dickinson ME, Wolf KV, Mann AB. Nanomechanical and chemical characterization of incipient in vitro carious lesions in human dental enamel. Arch of Oral Biol. 2007;52(8):753\u201360.","journal-title":"Arch of Oral Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1136_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4047","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-22459-7","volume":"8","author":"R Al-Obaidi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Al-Obaidi R, Salehi H, Desoutter A, Bonnet L, Etienne P, Terrer E, Jacquot B, Levallois B, Tassery H, Cuisinier FJG. Chemical & nano-mechanical study of artificial human enamel subsurface lesions. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):4047.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1136_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2018.05.002","volume":"75","author":"R Alkattan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Alkattan R, Lippert F, Tang Q, Eckert GJ, Ando M. The influence of hardness and chemical composition on enamel demineralization and subsequent remineralization. J Dent. 2018;75:34\u201340.","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"issue":"1","key":"1136_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1159\/000261420","volume":"26","author":"J Arends","year":"1992","unstructured":"Arends J, Christoffersen J, Christoffersen MR, Ogaard B, Dijkman AG, Jongebloed WL. Rate and mechanism of enamel demineralization in situ. Caries Res. 1992;26(1):18\u201321.","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"1136_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2014.04.005","volume":"59","author":"F Lippert","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lippert F, Lynch RJ. Comparison of Knoop and Vickers surface microhardness and transverse microradiography for the study of early caries lesion formation in human and bovine enamel. Arch Oral Biol. 2014;59(7):704\u201310.","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"1136_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-16547-6_6","volume-title":"Dental caries","author":"LM Silverstone","year":"1981","unstructured":"Silverstone LM, Johnson NW, Hardie JM, Williams RAD. Enamel caries. In: Dental caries. London: Palgrave; 1981. p. 133\u201361."},{"key":"1136_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1038\/189226a0","volume":"189","author":"T Koulourides","year":"1961","unstructured":"Koulourides T, Cueto H, Pigman W. Rehardening of softened enamel surfaces of human teeth by solutions of calcium phosphates. Nature. 1961;189:226\u20137.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"1136_CR55","first-page":"14","volume":"24","author":"AS Carvalho","year":"1999","unstructured":"Carvalho AS, Cury JA. Fluoride release from some dental materials in different solutions. Oper Dent. 1999;24(1):14\u20139.","journal-title":"Oper Dent"},{"issue":"8","key":"1136_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-015-1492-6","volume":"19","author":"MM Manarelli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Manarelli MM, Delbem AC, Binhardi TD, Pessan JP. In situ remineralizing effect of fluoride varnishes containing sodium trimetaphosphate. Clin Oral Invest. 2015;19(8):2141\u20136.","journal-title":"Clin Oral Invest"}],"container-title":["Odontology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10266-025-01136-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10266-025-01136-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10266-025-01136-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T13:02:37Z","timestamp":1775480557000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10266-025-01136-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["1136"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10266-025-01136-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1618-1247","1618-1255"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1618-1247","type":"print"},{"value":"1618-1255","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 June 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The use of extracted human permanent teeth for obtaining experimental enamel blocks was approved by the local ethical research committee, Mohammed V University, Rabat (Comit\u00e9 d\u2019\u00e9thique pour la recherche biom\u00e9dicale de Rabat [CERB]) under ID Number 67\/22). A written consent to use the extracted teeth in this study was obtained from patients.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}]}}