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Four-week-old female C57BL\/6 mice were divided into four groups (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20096): control, ovariectomized (OVx), T2D, and OVx\u2013T2D. T2D was induced by a combination of a high-carbohydrate diet and low-dose streptozotocin. Estrogen deficiency was induced at 8\u00a0weeks of age by OVx. At 20\u00a0weeks of age, stimulated saliva secretion and quality, blood glucose, and serum 17\u03b2-estradiol levels were determined, and the parotid and submandibular glands were obtained, histologically processed, and analyzed for histomorphometry; fibrosis development; and the expression of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1, and \u03b1-amylase. Compared with the control group we found a decrease in the 17\u03b2-estradiol concentration, an increase in body weight, a decrease in saliva secretion with alterations in its quality, a decrease in parotid and submandibular glands number of acini and \u03b1-amylase, acinar hypertrophy and fibrosis and increase in expression of IL-1, IL-6, IL-17, and TNF-\u03b1 with a decrease in IL-10 in OVx, T2D, and OVx\u2013T2D groups. In conclusion, T2D reduces 17\u03b2-estradiol levels comparable to OVx, and loss of estradiol results in hyposalivation and histological alterations through the establishment of a proinflammatory microenvironment in female mice parotid and submandibular glands.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-025-01158-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T04:24:37Z","timestamp":1753763077000},"page":"788-799","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Estrogen deficiency due to type 2 diabetes induced hyposalivation in female mice by promoting inflammation in the salivary glands"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"114","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6440-4114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S. 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