{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T22:45:11Z","timestamp":1793054711300,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768867200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Cank\u0131r\u0131 Karatekin University","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/011y7xt38","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Odontology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In this study, the root canal morphology, radicular groove (RG) presence, and canal separation level (FCAP) in mandibular premolars of a Turkish population were evaluated using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). CBCT images of 3594 mandibular premolars from 402 males and 564 females were analyzed. Root canal morphology was classified using Vertucci\u2019s system and Ahmed\u2019s classification. RG presence and location and FCAP levels were also recorded. The most common configuration in Ahmed\u2019s classification was\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    TN\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    , followed by\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    TN\n                    <jats:sup>1\u20132<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Vertucci Configuration I was the most frequent, with Configuration V being the second most common. Some canal configurations showed significant sex-related differences (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.01), whereas no age-related differences were found. Bilateral symmetry was generally high. RGs were more common in first premolars and were usually located in the middle third. RG presence was associated with Vertucci Configuration V and with the\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    TN\n                    <jats:sup>1\u20132<\/jats:sup>\n                    and\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    TNB\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    L\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    configurations. FCAP was most frequently located in the middle third of the root. The root canal morphology of mandibular premolars exhibited a high degree of bilateral symmetry, while complex configurations were associated with the presence of RGs and the level of canal separation (FCAP). These findings have clinical relevance for planning canal shaping and irrigation strategies in endodontic treatment.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-026-01310-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T16:10:58Z","timestamp":1768925458000},"page":"2464-2474","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Three-dimensional CBCT analysis of root canal morphology of mandibular premolars using two classification systems"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"114","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9226-3454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eda","family":"Gursu Sahin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2419-9793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zuhal","family":"Ovuz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"1310_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-03002-1","volume":"23","author":"MI Karobari","year":"2023","unstructured":"Karobari MI, Iqbal A, Syed J, Batul R, Adil AH, Khawaji SA, et al. Evaluation of root and canal morphology of mandibular premolar amongst Saudi subpopulation using the new system of classification: a CBCT study. BMC Oral Health. 2023;23:291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-023-03002-1.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"1310_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-03624-5","volume":"24","author":"MI Karobari","year":"2024","unstructured":"Karobari MI, Batul R, Khan M, Patil SR, Basheer SN, Rezallah NNF, et al. Micro computed tomography (Micro-CT) characterization of root and root canal morphology of mandibular first premolars: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health. 2024;24:1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-023-03624-5.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"1310_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2342-12-18","volume":"12","author":"X Yu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yu X, Guo B, Li K-Z, Zhang R, Tian Y-Y, Wang H, et al. Cone-beam computed tomography study of root and canal morphology of mandibular premolars in a western Chinese population. BMC Med Imaging. 2012;12:18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2342-12-18.","journal-title":"BMC Med Imaging"},{"key":"1310_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2006.12.004","volume":"33","author":"BM Cleghorn","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cleghorn BM, Christie WH, Dong CCS. The root and root canal morphology of the human mandibular first premolar: a literature review. J Endod. 2007;33:509\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joen.2006.12.004.","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"key":"1310_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20140224","DOI":"10.1259\/dmfr.20140224","volume":"44","author":"R Pauwels","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pauwels R, Araki K, Siewerdsen JH, Thongvigitmanee SS. Technical aspects of dental CBCT: state of the art. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2015;44:20140224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1259\/dmfr.20140224.","journal-title":"Dentomaxillofac Radiol"},{"key":"1310_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12062183","volume":"12","author":"MI Karobari","year":"2023","unstructured":"Karobari MI, Assiry AA, Lin GSS, Almubarak H, Alqahtani SA, Tasleem R, et al. Roots and root canals characterization of permanent mandibular premolars analyzed using the cone beam and micro computed tomography\u2014a systematic review and metanalysis. J Clin Med. 2023;12:2183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12062183.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"1310_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Versiani MA, Ordinola-Zapata R. Root Canal Anatomy: Implications in Biofilm Disinfection. 2015. pp. 155\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-662-47415-0_7","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-47415-0_7"},{"key":"1310_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12800","volume":"51","author":"HMA Ahmed","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ahmed HMA, Neelakantan P, Dummer PMH. A new system for classifying accessory canal morphology. Int Endod J. 2018;51:164\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/iej.12800.","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"key":"1310_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2018.12.017","volume":"45","author":"D Guerreiro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Guerreiro D, Shin JM, Pereira M, McDonald NJ. Radicular groove accessory canal morphology in mandibular first premolars: micro\u2013computed tomographic study. J Endod. 2019;45:554\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joen.2018.12.017.","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"key":"1310_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(84)90085-9","volume":"58","author":"FJ Vertucci","year":"1984","unstructured":"Vertucci FJ. Root canal anatomy of the human permanent teeth. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1984;58:589\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0030-4220(84)90085-9.","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol"},{"key":"1310_CR11","unstructured":"Posit team. RStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R [Internet]. Boston, MA; 2025. http:\/\/www.posit.co\/"},{"key":"1310_CR12","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing [Internet]. Vienna, Austria; 2025. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"key":"1310_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01686","volume":"4","author":"H Wickham","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wickham H, Averick M, Bryan J, Chang W, McGowan LD, Fran\u00e7ois R, et al. Welcome to the tidyverse. J Open Source Softw. 2019;4:1686. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21105\/joss.01686.","journal-title":"J Open Source Softw"},{"key":"1310_CR14","unstructured":"Wickham H, Bryan J. readxl: Read Excel Files [Internet]. 2025. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=readxl"},{"key":"1310_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v028.i08","volume":"28","author":"T Hothorn","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hothorn T, Hornik K, van de Wiel MA, Zeileis A. Implementing a class of permutation tests: the coin package. J Stat Softw. 2008;28:1\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v028.i08.","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"1310_CR16","unstructured":"Mangiafico SS. rcompanion: Functions to Support Extension Education Program Evaluation [Internet]. New Brunswick, New Jersey; 2025. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=rcompanion\/"},{"key":"1310_CR17","unstructured":"Gamer M, Lemon J, <puspendra.pusp22@gmail.com> IFPS. irr: Various Coefficients of Interrater Reliability and Agreement [Internet]. 2019. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=irr"},{"key":"1310_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-1546.2005.00129.x","volume":"10","author":"FJ Vertucci","year":"2005","unstructured":"Vertucci FJ. Root canal morphology and its relationship to endodontic procedures. Endod Topics. 2005;10:3\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1601-1546.2005.00129.x.","journal-title":"Endod Topics"},{"key":"1310_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/634567","volume":"2009","author":"WC Scarfe","year":"2009","unstructured":"Scarfe WC, Levin MD, Gane D, Farman AG. Use of cone beam computed tomography in endodontics. Int J Dent. 2009;2009:1\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2009\/634567.","journal-title":"Int J Dent"},{"key":"1310_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/aej.12930","volume":"51","author":"HMA Ahmed","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ahmed HMA, Noor NSM, Bin HHF, Khalid PNAB, Nabhan MS, Noorani TY, et al. Characterisation of root canal configurations and accessory canals in mandibular incisors: a micro-computed tomography study on a malaysian subpopulation. Aust Endod J. 2025;51:258\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aej.12930.","journal-title":"Aust Endod J"},{"key":"1310_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/138239","volume":"2013","author":"N \u015e\u0131m\u015fek","year":"2013","unstructured":"\u015e\u0131m\u015fek N, Kele\u015f A, Bulut ET. Unusual root canal morphology of the maxillary second molar: a case report. Case Rep Dent. 2013;2013:1\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2013\/138239.","journal-title":"Case Rep Dent"},{"key":"1310_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2010.01800.x","volume":"44","author":"P Verma","year":"2011","unstructured":"Verma P, Love RM. A micro CT study of the mesiobuccal root canal morphology of the maxillary first molar tooth. Int Endod J. 2011;44:210\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2010.01800.x.","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"key":"1310_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2014.09.024","volume":"41","author":"C Filpo-Perez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Filpo-Perez C, Bramante CM, Villas-Boas MH, H\u00fangaro Duarte MA, Versiani MA, Ordinola-Zapata R. Micro\u2013computed tomographic analysis of the root canal morphology of the distal root of mandibular first molar. J Endod. 2015;41:231\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joen.2014.09.024.","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"key":"1310_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12685","volume":"50","author":"HMA Ahmed","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ahmed HMA, Versiani MA, De\u2010Deus G, Dummer PMH. A new system for classifying root and root canal morphology. Int Endod J. 2017;50:761\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/iej.12685.","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"key":"1310_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2012.02075.x","volume":"45","author":"F Abella","year":"2012","unstructured":"Abella F, Patel S, Dur\u00e1n\u2010Sindreu F, Mercad\u00e9 M, Roig M. Mandibular first molars with disto\u2010lingual roots: review and clinical management. Int Endod J. 2012;45:963\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2012.02075.x.","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"key":"1310_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2012.03.026","volume":"38","author":"MA Versiani","year":"2012","unstructured":"Versiani MA, P\u00e9cora JD, de Sousa-Neto MD. Root and root canal morphology of four-rooted maxillary second molars: a micro\u2013computed tomography study. J Endod. 2012;38:977\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joen.2012.03.026.","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"key":"1310_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/S0099-2399(06)80566-2","volume":"21","author":"MK \u00c7ali\u015fkan","year":"1995","unstructured":"\u00c7ali\u015fkan MK, Pehlivan Y, Sepet\u00e7io\u011flu F, T\u00fcrk\u00fcn M, Tuncer S\u015e. Root canal morphology of human permanent teeth in a Turkish population. J Endod. 1995;21:200\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0099-2399(06)80566-2.","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"key":"1310_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd.22-0239","volume":"64","author":"GD Buchanan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Buchanan GD, Gamieldien MY, Fabris-Rotelli I, van Schoor A, Uys A. A study of mandibular premolar root and canal morphology in a Black South African population using cone-beam computed tomography and two classification systems. J Oral Sci. 2022;64:22\u20130239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2334\/josnusd.22-0239.","journal-title":"J Oral Sci"},{"key":"1310_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-021-01822-7","volume":"21","author":"P Thanaruengrong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Thanaruengrong P, Kulvitit S, Navachinda M, Charoenlarp P. Prevalence of complex root canal morphology in the mandibular first and second premolars in Thai population: cbct analysis. BMC Oral Health. 2021;21:449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-021-01822-7.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"1310_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4392","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-86277-4","volume":"15","author":"M Mustafa","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mustafa M, Karobari MI, Al-Maqtari AAA, Abdulwahed A, Almokhatieb AA, Almufleh LS, et al. Investigating root and canal morphology of anterior and premolar teeth using CBCT with a novel coding classification system in Saudi subpopulation. Sci Rep. 2025;15:4392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-86277-4.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1310_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-05149-x","volume":"24","author":"H Arshad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Arshad H, Zahra F, Naved N, Khalid T, Iqbal A, Karobari MI, et al. Evaluation of root canal morphology of mandibular premolars in Pakistani population using the new classification: a CBCT study. BMC Oral Health. 2024;24:1414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-024-05149-x.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"1310_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0329439","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0329439","volume":"20","author":"MI Karobari","year":"2025","unstructured":"Karobari MI, Ahmed HMA, Bin Khamis MF, Ibrahim N, Noorani TY. Comparative evaluation of root canal morphology in mandibular first premolars with deep radicular grooves using direct vision, dental operating microscope, 2D radiographic visualisation and micro-computed tomography. PLoS ONE. 2025;20:e0329439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0329439.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1310_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2013.07.014","volume":"58","author":"Y Gu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gu Y, Zhang Y, Liao Z. Root and canal morphology of mandibular first premolars with radicular grooves. Arch Oral Biol. 2013;58:1609\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2013.07.014.","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"1310_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80046-1","volume":"11","author":"A Sierra-Cristancho","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sierra-Cristancho A, Gonz\u00e1lez-Osuna L, Poblete D, Cafferata EA, Carvajal P, Lozano CP, et al. Micro-tomographic characterization of the root and canal system morphology of mandibular first premolars in a Chilean population. Sci Rep. 2021;11:93. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-80046-1.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1310_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-04363-x","volume":"24","author":"Y Xiang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xiang Y, Wu Z, Yang L, Zhang W, Cao N, Xu X, et al. Morphology and classification of the second mesiobuccal canal in maxillary first molars: a cone-beam computed tomography analysis in a Chinese population. BMC Oral Health. 2024;24:568. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-024-04363-x.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"}],"container-title":["Odontology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10266-026-01310-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10266-026-01310-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10266-026-01310-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T21:15:27Z","timestamp":1790889327000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10266-026-01310-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["1310"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10266-026-01310-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1618-1247","1618-1255"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1618-1247","type":"print"},{"value":"1618-1255","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 November 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This retrospective study was approved by the Ethics Committee of \u00c7ank\u0131r\u0131 Karatekin University, Faculty of Health Sciences (meeting date: 27.05.2025; approval number: 025\u201302-22). CBCT images of Turkish patients who visited the Department of Oral, Dental and Maxillofacial Radiology between 2023 and 2025 for various reasons were retrospectively evaluated. A total of 1,400 patients\u2019 CBCT records were reviewed.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Informed consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}