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Two independent reviewers conducted comprehensive searches in MEDLINE-PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, Web of Science, Google Scholar\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      , and OpenGrey\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      . This systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines and was registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42022320707). Risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist for cross-sectional studies and the Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale for case\u2013control and cohort studies. The certainty of the evidence was rated using the GRADE framework. Meta-analyses were performed to explore associations between respiratory conditions and MIH (significance level p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From 1228 identified articles, 27 met the inclusion criteria, and 12 were included in four meta-analyses. Most cross-sectional and cohort studies showed low risk of bias, while case\u2013control studies showed moderate risk. Quantitative synthesis was feasible only for asthma and pneumonia. In adjusted analyses, asthma was not significantly associated with MIH (OR 1.93; 95% CI 0.60\u20136.20), with substantial heterogeneity across studies. Pneumonia showed a positive overall association with MIH (OR 3.33; 95% CI 1.05\u201310.51). However, the certainty of evidence for all associations was considered very low.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Early childhood respiratory conditions may be associated with molar\u2013incisor hypomineralization, but the available evidence is inconsistent and of very low certainty, precluding causal inference.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-026-01321-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T04:19:19Z","timestamp":1770697159000},"page":"1832-1847","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Respiratory problems in early childhood and molar-incisor hypomineralization: systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Ronney","family":"Brand\u00e3o Osterno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lara","family":"Carvalho Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco Wilker","family":"Mustafa Gomes Muniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta Maria","family":"Alves Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcoeli","family":"Silva de Moura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cacilda","family":"Castelo Branco Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00facia de F\u00e1tima","family":"Almeida de Deus Moura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"de Deus Moura Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"1321_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.12968\/denu.2004.31.1.9","volume":"31","author":"KL Weerheijm","year":"2004","unstructured":"Weerheijm KL. 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