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A total of 120 enamel specimens were obtained from extracted human third molars, half of which underwent a demineralization cycle to simulate initial enamel demineralization. The specimens were divided into five subgroups (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200912) based on the bleaching agent applied: no bleaching (control), 40% hydrogen peroxide (HP), 16% carbamide peroxide (CP), 40% HP\u2009+\u2009n-HAP, and 6% HP\u2009+\u2009n-HAP. Surface roughness was measured using non-contact optical profilometry, and microhardness was assessed via the Vickers hardness test. Micromorphological changes were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at\u2009\u00d7\u20091,000 and\u2009\u00d7\u20094,000 magnifications. Statistical analyses were performed using the Shapiro\u2013Wilk, Mann\u2013Whitney\n                    <jats:italic>U<\/jats:italic>\n                    , Kruskal\u2013Wallis H, and Bonferroni post hoc tests (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). In the demineralized groups, surface roughness significantly increased while microhardness decreased (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The highest surface roughness was observed in the demineralized group treated with 16% CP, whereas microhardness significantly increased in the group treated with 6% HP\u2009+\u2009n-HAP. SEM findings revealed pronounced structural degradation in groups treated with high-concentration HP, while n-HAP\u2013containing groups exhibited mineral deposition and preservation of the prismatic enamel structure. Although no remineralization protocol was used before bleaching, the findings indicate that low-concentration HP agents containing n-HAP may protect enamel with initial demineralization. These results highlight the potential clinical benefit of such formulations in reducing bleaching-related enamel damage.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-026-01328-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T07:35:57Z","timestamp":1769758557000},"page":"2563-2579","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of bleaching agents containing nano-hydroxyapatite on sound and demineralized enamel: an in vitro study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"114","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2804-0947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merve","family":"Haberal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5936-0196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c7i\u011fdem","family":"\u00c7elik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"1328_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1590\/s1806-83242009000500010","volume":"23","author":"FF Demarco","year":"2009","unstructured":"Demarco FF, Meireles SS, Masotti AS. 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