{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T21:57:21Z","timestamp":1790891841447,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Bonn","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01xnwqx93","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Odontology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To investigate the biomechanical performance of fixed dental prostheses supported by either tooth\u2013implant or implant\u2013implant configurations, fabricated from zirconia or polyetherketoneketone (PEKK), under oblique loading using three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA). Three mandibular posterior models were developed: M1 (implant at the first molar and natural tooth at the first premolar), M2 (implant at the first premolar and natural tooth at the first molar), and M3 (implants at both the first premolar and first molar). Each model was restored with a three-unit prosthesis fabricated from either zirconia or PEKK. The digital workflow included anatomical segmentation using Mimics software, refinement of bone and soft tissues with 3-Matic software, and integration of implants, abutments, and prosthetic components, followed by meshing and FEA using ANSYS software. All models were subjected to oblique loading of 50 N at 30\u00b0 and 45\u00b0, and von Mises stress and deformation were recorded. M3 exhibited the most favorable biomechanical behavior, showing the lowest von Mises stress across almost all components. The hybrid tooth\u2013implant models (M1 and M2) showed higher stress concentrations, particularly M2 with PEKK (loading angle 45\u00b0), which recorded the highest implant stress (312\u00a0MPa) and the greatest deformation (75\u00a0\u00b5m). The highest screw stress was recorded in M1 with PEKK, reaching 483\u00a0MPa. Zirconia exhibited higher stress within the prosthesis, but lower deformation, whereas PEKK resulted in greater deformation in the tooth and periodontal ligament (PDL). Implant\u2013implant-supported prostheses showed the most favorable biomechanical behavior under oblique loading. Tooth\u2013implant models, especially with anterior implant placement, exhibited higher stress and deformation. Zirconia offered greater rigidity and dimensional stability, while PEKK provided better stress dissipation but required careful design to manage its flexibility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-026-01336-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T12:21:30Z","timestamp":1770207690000},"page":"2648-2657","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Comparative numerical finite element analysis of tooth\u2013implant- versus implant\u2013implant-supported three-unit fixed prostheses under oblique loading"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"114","author":[{"given":"Hussain D.","family":"Alsayed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Islam G.","family":"Shahin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noha M.","family":"Anany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed I.","family":"El-Anwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3219-9048","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tarek M.","family":"Elshazly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9036-0485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdulaziz","family":"Alhotan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"1336_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2017.1287905","volume":"20","author":"VE de Souza\u202fBatista","year":"2017","unstructured":"de Souza\u202fBatista VE, Verri FR, Almeida DAdeF, Santiago JJF, Lemos CAA, Pellizzer EP. Finite element analysis of implant\u2011supported prosthesis with pontic and cantilever in the posterior maxilla. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin. 2017;20(6):663\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10255842.2017.1287905.","journal-title":"Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin"},{"key":"1336_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2016.01.005","volume":"47","author":"CAA Lemos","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lemos CAA, Ferro\u2011Alves ML, Okamoto R, Mendon\u00e7a MR, Pellizzer EP. Short dental implants versus standard dental implants placed in the posterior jaws: a systematic review and meta\u2011analysis. J Dent. 2016;47:8\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdent.2016.01.005.","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"key":"1336_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2019.03.008","volume":"84","author":"MS Howe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Howe MS, Keys W, Richards D. Long\u2011term (10\u2011year) dental implant survival: a systematic review and sensitivity meta\u2011analysis. J Dent. 2019;84:9\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdent.2019.03.008.","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"issue":"3","key":"1336_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.014","volume":"75","author":"HS Sadek","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sadek HS, Anany NM, Diab AH, El\u2011Anwar MI, Alhotan A, Aldesoki M, et al. Biomechanical evaluation of cantilevered 2\u2011unit implant\u2011supported prostheses: a 3D finite element study. Int Dent J. 2025;75(3):1913\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.identj.2025.01.014.","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"key":"1336_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2024.106872","volume":"163","author":"HS Sadek","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sadek HS, Anany NM, El\u2011Anwar MI, Alhotan A, Diab AH, Aldesoki M, et al. Biomechanical behavior of cantilevered 3\u2011unit implant\u2011supported prostheses made of PEKK and monolithic zirconia: a finite\u2011element study. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2025;163:106872. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2024.106872.","journal-title":"J Mech Behav Biomed Mater"},{"issue":"9","key":"1336_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2014.02.016","volume":"43","author":"MC Goiato","year":"2014","unstructured":"Goiato MC, Dos Santos DM, Santiago JJF, Moreno A, Pellizzer EP. Longevity of dental implants in type IV bone: a systematic review. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014;43(9):1108\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijom.2014.02.016.","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"1336_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1097\/ID.0b013e31825cbc67","volume":"21","author":"XY Chen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chen XY, Zhang CY, Nie EM, Zhang MC. Treatment planning of implants when 3 mandibular posterior teeth are missing: a 3\u2011dimensional finite element analysis. Implant Dent. 2012;21(4):340\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ID.0b013e31825cbc67.","journal-title":"Implant Dent"},{"key":"1336_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-849X.1997.tb00107.x","volume":"6","author":"IJ Pesun","year":"1997","unstructured":"Pesun IJ. Intrusion of teeth in the combination implant\u2011to\u2011natural\u2011tooth fixed partial denture: a review of the theories. J Prosthodont. 1997;6:268\u201377.","journal-title":"J Prosthodont"},{"key":"1336_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6024565","volume":"2017","author":"MK Al\u2011Omiri","year":"2017","unstructured":"Al\u2011Omiri MK, Al\u2011Masri M, Alhijawi MM, Lynch E. Combined implant and tooth support: an up\u2011to-date comprehensive overview. Int J Dent. 2017;2017:6024565. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2017\/6024565.","journal-title":"Int J Dent"},{"issue":"2","key":"1336_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4801298","volume":"192","author":"SJ Davies","year":"2002","unstructured":"Davies SJ, Gray RJM, Young MPJ. Good occlusal practice in the provision of implant\u2011borne prostheses. Br Dent J. 2002;192(2):79.","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"issue":"2","key":"1336_CR11","first-page":"e354","volume":"15","author":"C Hita\u2011Carrillo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hita\u2011Carrillo C, Hern\u00e1ndez\u2011Aliaga M, Calvo\u2011Guirado JL. Tooth\u2011implant connection: a bibliographic review. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2010;15(2):e354\u20138.","journal-title":"Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal"},{"issue":"2","key":"1336_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0501.1995.060207.x","volume":"6","author":"M Olsson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Olsson M, Gunne J, Astrand P, Borg K. Bridges supported by free-standing implants versus bridges supported by tooth and implant: a five-year prospective study. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1995;6(2):114\u201321.","journal-title":"Clin Oral Implants Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1336_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2010.01521.x","volume":"37","author":"\u00d8 Fardal","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fardal \u00d8, Linden GJ. Long-term outcomes for cross-arch stabilizing bridges in periodontal maintenance patients \u2013 a retrospective study. J Clin Periodontol. 2010;37(3):299\u2013304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2010.01521.x.","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1336_CR14","first-page":"195","volume":"91","author":"M Radnai","year":"1998","unstructured":"Radnai M, Fazekas A, Vajdovich I, Kostinek D. Clinical study of tooth-to-implant supported fixed partial dentures. Fogorv Sz. 1998;91(7):195\u2013202.","journal-title":"Fogorv Sz"},{"issue":"2","key":"1336_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3913(96)90301-7","volume":"76","author":"A Sertgiiz","year":"1996","unstructured":"Sertgiiz A, Giivener S. Finite element analysis of the effect of cantilever and implant length on stress distribution in an implant-supported fixed prosthesis. J Prosthet Dent. 1996;76(2):165\u20139.","journal-title":"J Prosthet Dent"},{"issue":"6","key":"1336_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3913(08)60216-1","volume":"100","author":"L Baggi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Baggi L, Cappelloni I, Di Girolamo M, Maceri F, Vairo G. The influence of implant diameter and length on stress distribution of osseointegrated implants related to crestal bone geometry: a three-dimensional finite element analysis. J Prosthet Dent. 2008;100(6):422\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0022-3913(08)60216-1.","journal-title":"J Prosthet Dent"},{"issue":"1","key":"1336_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2005.01107.x","volume":"17","author":"AN Natali","year":"2006","unstructured":"Natali AN, Pavan PG, Ruggero AL. Analysis of bone-implant interaction phenomena by using a numerical approach. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2006;17(1):67\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0501.2005.01107.x.","journal-title":"Clin Oral Implants Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"1336_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1563\/AAID-JOI-D-11-00205","volume":"41","author":"JMFK Takahashi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Takahashi JMFK, Dayrell AC, Consani RLX, De N\u00f3bilo MAA, Henriques GEP, Mesquita MF. Stress evaluation of implant-abutment connections under different loading conditions: a 3D finite element study. J Oral Implantol. 2015;41(2):133\u20137.","journal-title":"J Oral Implantol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1336_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-022-04692-7","volume":"27","author":"TM Elshazly","year":"2023","unstructured":"Elshazly TM, Bourauel CP, Aldesoki M, Ghoneima AA, Abuzayda MA, Talaat WM, et al. Computer-aided finite element model for biomechanical analysis of orthodontic aligners. Clin Oral Investig. 2023;27(1):115\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00784-022-04692-7.","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"1336_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2022.105336","volume":"133","author":"M Aldesoki","year":"2022","unstructured":"Aldesoki M, Bourauel CP, Morsi TSE, El\u2011Anwar MI, Aboelfadl AK, Elshazly TM. Biomechanical behavior of endodontically treated premolars restored with different endocrown designs: finite element study. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater. 2022;133:105336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2022.105336.","journal-title":"J Mech Behav Biomed Mater"},{"issue":"6","key":"1336_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1590\/0103-6440201302358","volume":"25","author":"LB Torcato","year":"2014","unstructured":"Torcato LB, Pellizzer EP, Verri FR, Falc\u00f3n\u2011Antenucci RM, De Souza Batista VE, De Toledo Piza Lopes LF. Effect of the parafunctional occlusal loading and crown height on stress distribution. Braz Dent J. 2014;25(6):554\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/0103-6440201302358.","journal-title":"Braz Dent J"},{"issue":"15","key":"1336_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1080\/10255842.2016.1176156","volume":"19","author":"FR Verri","year":"2016","unstructured":"Verri FR, Cruz RS, de Souza Batista VE, de Almeida DA, Verri ACG, Lemos CAA, et al. Can the modeling for simplification of a dental implant surface affect the accuracy of 3D finite element analysis? Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Eng. 2016;19(15):1665\u201372.","journal-title":"Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Eng"},{"issue":"6","key":"1336_CR23","first-page":"556","volume":"9","author":"PP Binon","year":"1996","unstructured":"Binon PP, McHugh MJ. The effect of eliminating implant\/abutment rotational misfit on screw joint stability. Int J Prosthodont. 1996;9(6):556\u201362.","journal-title":"Int J Prosthodont"},{"issue":"2","key":"1336_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.11607\/jomi.7934","volume":"35","author":"W Al\u2011Zordk","year":"2020","unstructured":"Al\u2011Zordk W, Ghazy M, El\u2011Anwar M. Stress analysis around reduced\u2011diameter zirconia and titanium one\u2011piece implants with and without microthreads in the neck: experimental and finite element analysis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants. 2020;35(2):305\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11607\/jomi.7934.","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants"},{"key":"1336_CR25","unstructured":"Yousief SA, Mohammed R, Almadani Y, Alaethan AH, Alshalhoub MB, Bahajari LM, et al. Assessment of stress distribution around bridge abutments (implant and natural tooth): finite element analysis. Cronicon Assessment. 2022."},{"key":"1336_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2020.08.004","volume":"28","author":"H Alqurashi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alqurashi H, Khurshid Z, Syed AUY, Rashid Habib S, Rokaya D, Zafar MS. Polyetherketoneketone (PEKK): an emerging biomaterial for oral implants and dental prostheses. J Adv Res. 2021;28:87\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jare.2020.08.004.","journal-title":"J Adv Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1336_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2021.08.010","volume":"51","author":"E De Moor","year":"2022","unstructured":"De Moor E, Huys SEF, van Lenthe GH, Mommaerts MY, Vander\u202fSloten J. Mechanical evaluation of a patient\u2011specific additively manufactured subperiosteal jaw implant (AMSJI) using finite\u2011element analysis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2022;51(3):405\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijom.2021.08.010.","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"1336_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12779","volume":"27","author":"TM Elshazly","year":"2024","unstructured":"Elshazly TM, Bourauel CP, Aldesoki M, Salvatori D, Alhotan A, Keilig L, et al. Effect of attachment configuration and trim line design on the force system of orthodontic aligners: a finite element study on the upper central incisor. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2024;27:131\u201340.","journal-title":"Orthod Craniofac Res"},{"key":"1336_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.21608\/jfcr.2023.217235.1050","volume":"3","author":"T Abaza","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abaza T, Hussein M. Fracture resistance and finite element analysis of PEEK versus titanium single-piece implant restorative systems (an in-vitro study). J Fundam Clin Res. 2023;3:154\u201369.","journal-title":"J Fundam Clin Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"1336_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.103882","volume":"75","author":"HS Sadek","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sadek HS, Anany NM, El\u2011Anwar MI, Alhotan A, Diab AH, Fayad BR, et al. Biomechanical performance of implant\u2011tooth\u2011supported prostheses: a numerical 3D finite element analysis. Int Dent J. 2025;75(6):103882. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.identj.2025.103882.","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1336_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-5950.114810","volume":"4","author":"R Bahuguna","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bahuguna R, Anand B, Kumar D, Aeran H, Anand V, Gulati M. Evaluation of stress patterns in bone around dental implant for different abutment angulations under axial and oblique loading: a finite element analysis. Natl J Maxillofac Surg. 2013;4(1):46\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0975-5950.114810.","journal-title":"Natl J Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"4","key":"1336_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2025.100873","volume":"75","author":"SA Elsheikh","year":"2025","unstructured":"Elsheikh SA, El-Anwar MI, Hong T, Bourauel C, Alhotan A, Anany NM, et al. Biomechanical analysis of various connector designs of the dental-implant complex: a numerical finite element study. Int Dent J. 2025;75(4):100873. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.identj.2025.100873.","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"key":"1336_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8242535","volume":"2016","author":"D Anssari\u2011Moin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Anssari\u2011Moin D, Hassan B, Wismeijer D. A patient\u2011specific biomechanical analysis of custom root\u2011analogue implant designs on alveolar bone stress: a finite element study. Int J Dent. 2016;2016:8242535. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2016\/8242535.","journal-title":"Int J Dent"},{"issue":"3","key":"1336_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.3390\/ceramics7030079","volume":"7","author":"J Eric","year":"2024","unstructured":"Eric J, Bjelovic L, Radovic I, Krunic J, Milic\u2011Lemic A, Gupta N, et al. Effect of prosthetic material and support type on stress distribution of fixed partial dentures: a finite element study. Ceramics. 2024;7(3):1204\u201317.","journal-title":"Ceramics"},{"issue":"1","key":"1336_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-04142-8","volume":"24","author":"A Aboelfadl","year":"2024","unstructured":"Aboelfadl A, Keilig L, Ebeid K, Ahmed MAM, Nouh I, Refaie A, et al. Biomechanical behavior of implant\u2011retained prostheses in the posterior maxilla using different materials: a finite element study. BMC Oral Health. 2024;24(1):455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-024-04142-8.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1336_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2021.05.002","volume":"17","author":"YC Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang YC, Ding SJ, Yan M, Huang TW. Clinical outcomes and complications of posterior three\u2011unit porcelain\u2011fused\u2011to\u2011metal restorations combined with tooth\u2011implant\u2011supported prostheses: a meta\u2011analysis. J Dent Sci. 2022;17(1):184\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jds.2021.05.002.","journal-title":"J Dent Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1336_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-003-0005-0","volume":"91","author":"F Watanabe","year":"2003","unstructured":"Watanabe F, Hata Y, Komatsu S, Ramos TC, Fukuda H. Finite element analysis of the influence of implant inclination, loading position, and load direction on stress distribution. Odontology. 2003;91(1):31\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10266-003-0005-0.","journal-title":"Odontology"},{"issue":"3","key":"1336_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.3390\/prosthesis6030029","volume":"6","author":"E Anitua","year":"2024","unstructured":"Anitua E, Truchuelo D\u00edez P, Pesquera Velasco J, Larrazabal N, Armentia M, Seco\u2011Calvo J. Mechanical behavior of dental restorations: a finite element pilot study of implant\u2011supported vs. multiunit\u2011supported restorations. Prosthesis. 2024;6(3):413\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/prosthesis6030029.","journal-title":"Prosthesis"},{"issue":"1","key":"1336_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-3464","volume":"24","author":"V Uppalapati","year":"2023","unstructured":"Uppalapati V, Kumar S, Aggarwal R, Bhat I, Munaganti J, Khan S. Three\u2011dimensional finite element stress pattern analysis in bone around an implant\u2011supported abutment with different angulations under axial and oblique load. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2023;24(1):16\u201320.","journal-title":"J Contemp Dent Pract"},{"issue":"6","key":"1336_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e17621","volume":"10","author":"JPM Tribst","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tribst JPM, de Jager N, Dal Piva AMO, Kleverlaan CJ, Feilzer A. Effect of crown retention systems and loading direction on the stress magnitude of posterior implant\u2011supported restorations: a 3D FEA. Heliyon. 2024;10(6):e17621. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e17621.","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"1336_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9205930","author":"S Kapoor","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kapoor S, Rodrigues S, Mahesh M, Shetty T, Pai U, Saldanha S, et al. Evaluation of stress generated with different abutment materials and angulations under axial and oblique loading in the anterior maxilla: a three\u2011dimensional finite element analysis. Int J Dent. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/9205930.","journal-title":"Int J Dent"},{"issue":"8","key":"1336_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics9080498","volume":"9","author":"MO Ya\u011f\u0131r","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ya\u011f\u0131r MO, \u015een \u015e, \u015een U. Examination of various abutment designs depending on load using finite element analysis. Biomimetics. 2024;9(8):498.","journal-title":"Biomimetics"},{"issue":"3","key":"1336_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.4103\/tdj.tdj_10_22","volume":"19","author":"AM Sayed","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sayed AM, Abdelazim IA. Effect of different framework materials on stresses induced at the implant\/bone interface in the all\u2011on\u2011four implant treatment concept. Tanta Dent J. 2022;19(3):105\u20139.","journal-title":"Tanta Dent J"},{"issue":"1","key":"1336_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-03688-3","volume":"24","author":"MH Abbas","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abbas MH, Elerian FA, Elsherbiny AA, Elgohary NMM, Atout A. Influence of occlusal reduction design on the fracture resistance and biomechanical behavior of endocrowns restoring maxillary premolars. BMC Oral Health. 2024;24(1):113.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"1336_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s42269-024-01214-1","volume":"48","author":"RM Galal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Galal RM, ElHotieby MM, Hamza GE, Eldemery YM. Assessment of different materials used for fabrication of fixed free-fixed dental prostheses: finite element analysis. Bull Natl Res Cent. 2024;48(1):61.","journal-title":"Bull Natl Res Cent"},{"key":"1336_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app141611674","volume":"14","author":"Y Yoon","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yoon Y, Kim JE, Kim E, Park S, Kang I, Kwon YD. Stability of the implant\u2013alveolar bone complex according to peri\u2011implant bone loss and bone quality: a finite element analysis study. Appl Sci. 2024;14:11674. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/app141611674.","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"1336_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-02945-9","author":"Y Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang Y, Liu Y, Yuan X, Ren M, Chen X, Luo L, et al. Three\u2011dimensional finite element analysis of stress distribution on short implants with different bone conditions and osseointegration rates. BMC Oral Health. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-023-02945-9.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"1336_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2023.152210","volume":"253","author":"Z Ye","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ye Z, Ye H, Wu Y, Jiang Z, Yao H, Xu X, et al. Effect of bone mass density and alveolar bone resorption on stress in implant restoration of free-end edentulous posterior mandible: finite element analysis of double-factor sensitivity. Ann Anat. 2024;253:152210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aanat.2023.152210.","journal-title":"Ann Anat"},{"key":"1336_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/met12020312","author":"IP Semenova","year":"2022","unstructured":"Semenova IP, Modina YM, Stotskiy AG, Polyakov AV, Pesin MV. Fatigue properties of Ti alloys with an ultrafine grained structure: challenges and achievements. Metals. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/met12020312.","journal-title":"Metals"}],"container-title":["Odontology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10266-026-01336-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10266-026-01336-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10266-026-01336-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T21:15:11Z","timestamp":1790889311000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10266-026-01336-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["1336"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10266-026-01336-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1618-1247","1618-1255"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1618-1247","type":"print"},{"value":"1618-1255","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.\n                      Ethical approval.\n                      Ethical approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee at the Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Egypt (FDASU-RecIE121904).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflicts of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Institutional review board statement","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Informed consent statement","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"During the preparation of this work, the authors used ChatGPT and DeepSeek AI tools to improve the readability of the English language. After using this tool, all authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and took full responsibility for the content of the publication.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Declaration of generative AI and AI-assisted technologies in the writing process","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}