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Eighty extracted human molars were sectioned into enamel specimens, and artificial caries lesions were induced. Specimens were randomly divided into eight groups (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200910): experimental formulations (bioactive glass (MB), bioactive glass\u2009+\u2009fluoride (MBF), hydroxyapatite (MH), hydroxyapatite\u2009+\u2009fluoride (MHF), protein\u2009+\u2009calcium glycerophosphate (MP)), commercial toothpastes (Sensodyne Repair &amp; Protect with NovaMin (MS), R.O.C.S. Sensitive (MR)), and a control group. All specimens underwent a 14-day pH-cycling protocol simulating daily demineralization and remineralization. Remineralization efficacy was assessed at baseline, post-demineralization, and post-treatment using DIAGNOdent Pen, FluoreCam imaging, and Vickers microhardness testing. Data were analyzed using ANOVA. Significance level was set at\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05. The highest microhardness recovery occurred in MHF (60.65\u2009\u00b1\u200921.92) and MS (57.07\u2009\u00b1\u200924.14), while the least increase was observed in the control (9.46\u2009\u00b1\u200914.28) and MP (15.5\u2009\u00b1\u200917.23) (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). FluoreCam analysis revealed the greatest mineral gain in MHF (4.22\u2009\u00b1\u20092.24), MS (4.12\u2009\u00b1\u20091.57), and MBF (4.02\u2009\u00b1\u20092.73); however, no significance was detected between treatment groups (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.419). DIAGNOdent Pen values were lowest post-treatment in MR (6.7\u2009\u00b1\u20090.9), MBF (6.9\u2009\u00b1\u20090.94), and MS (6.9\u2009\u00b1\u20091.14), while all treatment groups had significantly lower values than the control (11.1\u2009\u00b1\u20091.45) (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Experimental toothpastes containing bioactive glass, hydroxyapatite, and protein\u2013 calcium glycerophosphate, as well as commercial products containing NovaMin and hydroxyapatite, supported enamel remineralization. The addition of fluoride enhanced this effect.\n                    <jats:italic>Clinical significance<\/jats:italic>\n                    This study demonstrates the potential of various remineralization agents to strengthen early enamel lesions, offering clinicians alternative non-invasive options for early caries management.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-026-01337-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T20:33:58Z","timestamp":1770669238000},"page":"2669-2682","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Enamel remineralization potential of bioactive glass-containing toothpastes: an in vitro study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"114","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8083-6783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pakize Rana","family":"\u00c7etin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elif","family":"Alkan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dilek","family":"Ta\u011ftekin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali \u0130hsan","family":"\u00c7etin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nihal \u015eehkar","family":"Oktay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"1337_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.30","volume":"3","author":"NB Pitts","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pitts NB, Zero DT, Marsh PD, Ekstrand K, Weintraub JA, Ramos-Gomez F, et al. 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