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This study evaluated the antimicrobial, biofilm metabolic activity and oxidative effects of indocyanine green (ICG)-mediated photothermal antimicrobial therapy compared to antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) protocols against\n                    <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    biofilms. Biofilms were established on standardized bovine incisors distributed into five groups: methylene blue (MB) activated by red laser; curcumin (CUR) activated by blue LED; ICG activated by infrared diode laser; sterile saline (NC) as negative control; and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) as positive control (PC). Antimicrobial efficacy was determined by colony-forming unit (CFU\/mL) counts. Biofilm metabolic activity was assessed by XTT reduction assay, and oxidative stress was evaluated through lipid peroxidation measured by the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay and protein carbonylation analysis. All treatments produced a significant reduction in CFU\/mL compared with the negative control (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), and statistically significant differences were observed between the aPDT protocols using MB or CUR and the photothermal antimicrobial therapy protocol using ICG (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Notably, ICG significantly reduced biofilm metabolic activity and did not differ significantly from PC (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&gt;\u20090.05). The ICG group exhibited significantly higher levels of lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation compared with the other protocols (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). ICG achieved metabolic inactivation comparable to NaOCl while inducing greater oxidative damage, supporting its potential as an adjunctive strategy for the control of persistent fungal infections in endodontics.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-026-01479-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T06:52:18Z","timestamp":1784530338000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["ICG-mediated photothermal antimicrobial therapy against Candida albicans biofilms in the root canal system: in vitro antimicrobial activity and oxidative stress"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1286-3984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gladiston William Lobo","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6111-5311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuri Gabriel Chamorro","family":"de Moraes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7689-5061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura Ces\u00e1rio","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3896-9485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rayara Nogueira","family":"de Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6361-3128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nayara Gabriely","family":"Dourado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7540-6787","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heloise Martins","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6481-5506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio Hernandes","family":"Chaves-Neto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renato","family":"de Toledo Leonardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2348-7846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciano Tavares Angelo","family":"Cintra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2362-8920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rog\u00e9rio Castilho","family":"Jacinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"1479_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13677","volume":"55","author":"JF Siqueira Jr","year":"2022","unstructured":"Siqueira JF Jr, R\u00f4\u00e7as IN. 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